بَابُ صَدَقَةِ الْمَرْأَةِ مِنْ مَالِ الزَّوْجِA Woman’s Charity from Her Husband’s Wealth
عَنْ عَائِشَةَ(رضي الله عنها) قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ : «إِذَا أَنْفَقَتِ۱ الْمَرْأَةُ مِنْ طَعَامِ بَيْتِهَا غَيْرَ مُفْسِدَةٍ، كَانَ لَهَا أَجْرُهَا بِمَا أَنْفَقَتْ، وَلِزَوْجِهَا أَجْرُهُ بِمَا كَسَبَ، وَلِلْخَازِنِ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ، لَا يَنْقُصُ بَعْضُهُمْ أَجْرَ بَعْضٍ شَيْئًا. مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "When a woman spends from the food of her house without wasting, she will have her reward for what she spent, her husband will have his reward for what he earned, and the storekeeper will have a similar reward. None of them will diminish the reward of the others in the least." [Agreed upon]
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "When she spends." In Al-Mirqat, it is said: "The scholars have generally agreed that it is not permissible for a woman to give charity from her husband's wealth without his explicit or implicit permission. Similarly, a servant is not allowed to do so. The hadith that indicates permissibility is based on the custom of the people of Hijaz, who would allow family members and servants to give charity and spend when a beggar arrives or a guest is present." This is what Al-Sharif Al-Jurjani said in the commentary of Al-Mishkat. Al-Allamah Al-Ayni said in Umdat Al-Qari: "The hadiths in this chapter differ. The way to reconcile them is that it varies according to the customs of different regions, the husband's attitude, whether he is lenient and approves or dislikes it, and the nature of what is spent, whether it is something insignificant that he would overlook or something significant that he would not tolerate. It also depends on whether the item is perishable and might spoil if delayed or something that can be stored without fear of spoilage."
۱ قوله: إذا أنفقت: وقال في المرقاة»: قال محي السنة: عامة العلماء على أنه لا يجوز لها التصدق من مال زوجها بغير إذنه صريحا أو دلالة، وكذا الخادم والحديث الدال على الجواز أخرج على عادة أهل الحجاز يطلقون الأمر للأهل والخادم في التصدق والإنفاق عند حضور السائل ونزول الضيف انتهى. كذا قال الشريف الجرجاني في حاشية المشكاة». وقال العلامة العيني في عمدة القاري: أحاديث هذا الباب مختلفة، كيفية الجمع بينها أن ذلك يختلف باختلاف عادات البلاد وباختلاف حال الزوج من مسامحته ورضاه بذلك أو كراهته لذلك، وباختلاف الحال في الشيء المنفق بين أن يكون شيئًا يسيرًا يتسامح به، وبين أن يكون له خطر في نفس الزوج يخل بمثله، وبين أن يكون ذلك رطبا يخشى فساده إن تأخر، وبين أن يكون يدخر ولا يخشى عليه الفساد.
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُى اللهِ : إِذَا أَنْفَقَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ مِنْ كَسْبٍ زَوْجِهَا عَنْ غَيْرِ أَمْرِهِ فَلَهَا نِصْفُ أَجْرِهِ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "When a woman spends from her husband's earnings without his permission, she will have half of his reward." [Agreed upon]
وَعَنْ أَبِي أُمَامَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ : سَمِعْتُ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ عَامَ حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ: «لَا تُنْفِقُ امْرَأَةٌ شَيْئًا مِنْ بَيْتِ زَوْجِهَا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ زَوْجِهَا قِيلَ : يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، وَلَا الطَّعَامُ؟ قَالَ: «ذَاكَ أَفْضَلُ أَمْوَالِنَا». رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ.
Abu Umamah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say in his sermon during the Farewell Pilgrimage, "A woman should not spend anything from her husband's house except with his permission." It was said, "O Messenger of Allah, not even food?" He said, "That is the best of our wealth." [Narrated by Tirmidhi]
وَعَنْ سَعْدٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا بَايَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ النِّسَاءَ قَامَتْ امْرَأَةُ جَلِيْلَةٌ كَأَنَّهَا مِنْ نِسَاءِ مُضَرَ، فَقَالَتْ: يَا نَبِيَّ اللهِ، إِنَّا كُلُّ عَلَى آبَائِنَا وَأَبْنَائِنَا وَأَزْوَاجِنَا، مَا يَحِلُّ لَنَا مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ؟ فَقَالَ: «الرَّطْبُ تَأْكُلْنَهُ وَتُهْدِينَهُ». رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ.
Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) took the pledge from the women, a noble woman stood up, as if she were from the women of Mudar, and said, "O Prophet of Allah, we rely on our fathers, sons, and husbands. What is permissible for us from their wealth?" He said, "The fresh food that you eat and give as a gift." [Narrated by Abu Dawud]
وَعَنْ عُمَيْرٍ مَوْلَى أَبِي اللَّحْمِ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: أَمَرَنِي مَوْلَايَ أَنْ أُقَدِّدَ لَحْمًا، فَجَاءَنِي مِسْكِينٌ فَأَطْعَمْتُهُ مِنْهُ، فَعَلِمَ بِذَلِكَ مَوْلَايَ فَضَرَبَنِي، فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَدَعَاهُ، فَقَالَ: «لِمَ ضَرَبْتَهُ؟ فَقَالَ: يُعْطِي طَعَامِي بِغَيْرِ أَنْ آمُرَهُ. فَقَالَ: «الْأَجْرُ بَيْنَكُمَا».
وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: قَالَ: كُنْتُ مَمْلُوْمًا، فَسَأَلْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ : أَتَصَدَّقُ مِنْ مَالِ مَوَالِيَ بِشَيْءٍ؟ قَالَ: «نَعَمْ، وَالْأَجْرُ نِصْفَانِ بَيْنَكُمَا». رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ.
Umayr, the freed slave of Abu Al-Lahm (may Allah be pleased with him), reported: My master ordered me to prepare some dried meat. A poor man came to me, and I fed him some of it. When my master found out, he beat me. I went to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and mentioned this to him. He called my master and said, "Why did you beat him?" He replied, "He gave away my food without my permission." The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "The reward is shared between you." In another narration, he said, "I was a slave, so I asked the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), 'Can I give charity from my master's wealth?' He said, 'Yes, and the reward is shared between you.'" [Narrated by Muslim]
وَعَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «الْخَازِنُ الْمُسْلِمُ الْأَمِينُ الَّذِي يُعْطِي مَا أُمِرَ بِهِ كَامِلا مُؤفَرًا طَيِّبَةً بِهِ نَفْسُهُ، فَيَدْفَعُهُ إِلَى الَّذِي أُمِرَ لَهُ بِهِ أَحَدُ الْمُتَصَدِّقَيْنِ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "The trustworthy Muslim treasurer who gives what he is ordered to give in full, with a cheerful heart, to the one it is intended for, is one of the two charitable givers." [Agreed upon]
وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ(رضي الله عنها) قَالَتْ: إِنَّ رَجُلًا قَالَ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ : إِنَّ أُنِّي افْتُلِتَتْ نَفْسُهَا وَأَظُنُّهَا لَوْ تَكَلَّمَتْ تَصَدَّقَتْ، فَهَلْ لَهَا۱ أَجْرُ إِنْ تَصَدَّقْتُ عَنْهَا؟ قَالَ: «نَعَمْ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
وَفِي رِوَايَةِ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ : إِنَّ رَجُلًا سَأَلَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: كَانَ لِيْ أَبَوَانِ أَبَرُّهُمَا حَالَ حَيَاتِهِمَا، فَكَيْفَ لِي بِبِرِّهِمَا بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِمَا؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: «إِنَّ مِنَ الْبِرِّ بَعْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَنْ تُصَلِّي لَهُمَا مَعَ صَلَاتِكَ وَتَصُوْمَ لَهُمَا مَعَ صِيَامِكَ».
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated: A man said to the Prophet (ﷺ), "My mother passed away suddenly, and I think if she had spoken, she would have given charity. Will she have a reward if I give charity on her behalf?" He said, "Yes." [Agreed upon] In another narration by Al-Daraqutni, a man asked the Prophet (ﷺ), "I had parents whom I honored during their lifetime. How can I honor them after their death?" The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Honoring them after death includes praying for them along with your prayers and fasting for them along with your fasts."
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "Will she have a reward?" Our scholars have clarified in the chapter of Hajj on behalf of others that a person can dedicate the reward of his deeds to someone else, whether it is prayer, fasting, charity, or other acts. This is mentioned in Al-Hidayah. What necessitates this is what Al-Daraqutni reported: A man asked the Prophet (ﷺ), "I had parents whom I honored during their lifetime. How can I honor them after their death?" He said, "Honoring them after death includes praying for them along with your prayers and fasting for them along with your fasts." This is the summary of what is in Rad Al-Muhtar and Fath Al-Qadir.
۱ قوله: فهل لها أجر الخ: صرح علماؤنا في باب الحج عن الغير بأن للإنسان أن يجعل ثواب عمله لغيره صلاة أو صوما أو صدقة أو غيرها. كذا في الهداية». وقد ثبت ما يوجب المصير إلى ذلك، وهو ما رواه الدارقطني أن رجلا سأله فقال: كان لي أبوان أبرهما حال حياتهما، فكيف لي ببرهما بعد موتهما ؟ فقال له : إن من البر بعد الموت أن تصلي لهما مع صلاتك، وتصوم لهما مع صيامك . هذا حاصل ما في رد المحتار» و«فتح القدير».