بَابُ مَنْ لَا يَعُوْدُ فِي الصَّدَقَةِNot Taking Back One’s Charity
وَعَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَابِ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: حَمَلْتُ عَلَى فَرَسٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، فَأَضَاعَهُ الَّذِي كَانَ عِنْدَهُ، فَأَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَشْتَرِيَهُ، وَظَنَنْتُ أَنَّهُ يَبِيعُهُ بِرُخْصٍ، فَسَأَلْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: «لَا تَشْتَرِهِ٢وَلَا تَعُدْ فِي صَدَقَتِكَ، وَإِنْ أَعْطَاكَهُ بِدِرْهَم؛ فَإِنَّ الْعَائِدَ فِي صَدَقَتِهِ كَالْكَلْبِ يَعُوْدُ فِي قَيْنِهِ».
وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: «لَا تَعُدْ فِي صَدَقَتِكَ٣، فَإِنَّ الْعَائِدَ فِي صَدَقَتِهِ كَالْعَائِدِ فِي قَيْنِهِ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Umar ibn Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: I donated a horse in the cause of Allah, but the person who had it neglected it. I wanted to buy it, thinking he would sell it cheaply. I asked the Prophet (ﷺ), and he said, "Do not buy it, and do not take back your charity, even if he gives it to you for a dirham. For the one who takes back his charity is like a dog that returns to its vomit." In another narration, "Do not take back your charity, for the one who takes back his charity is like the one who returns to his vomit." [Agreed upon]
Notes / الحواشي
2 The statement: "Do not buy it." In Umdat Al-Qari, it is said: "There is a dislike for a man to buy back his charity, and this is the opinion of Malik, the scholars of Kufa, and Al-Shafi'i, whether the charity was obligatory or voluntary. If someone buys back his charity, the sale is not invalidated, but it is better to avoid it." Ali Al-Qari said: "Some scholars held that it is forbidden for the giver to buy back his charity based on the apparent meaning of the hadith, but the majority view is that it is disliked as a precaution, because the ugliness lies in the fact that the recipient might give the giver a discount due to the prior act of charity, making it akin to taking back the charity in that amount."
3 The statement: "Do not take back your charity." What is understood from Al-Bukhari's approach is that he does not differentiate between a gift and charity, but this is not the case. A gift can be taken back, with some disagreement and details, unlike charity, which cannot be taken back under any circumstances. This is what Al-Allamah Al-Ayni said in Umdat Al-Qari in the chapter on gifts. The author of Al-Durr Al-Mukhtar said: "Charity is like a gift in that both are voluntary acts, and thus it is not valid unless it is received, nor can it be taken back."
٢ قوله : لا تشتره وقال في عمدة القاري فيه كراهة شراء الرجل صدقته الحديث عمر الله، وهو قول مالك والكوفيين والشافعي، وسواء كانت الصدقة فرضًا أو تطوّعًا. فإن اشترى أحد صدقته لم يفسخ بيعه وأولى به التنزه عنها انتهى. وقال علي القاري: ذهب بعض العلماء إلى أن شراء المتصدق صدقته حرام لظاهر الحديث، والأكثرون على أنها كراهة تنزيه؛ لكون القبح فيه لغيره، وهو أن المتصدق عليه ربما يسامح المتصدق في الثمن بسبب تقدم إحسانه، فيكون كالعائد في صدقته في ذلك المقدار الذي سومح.
٣ قوله: ولا تعد في صدقتك والذي يفهم من صنيع البخاري أنه لا يفرق بين الهبة والصدقة، وليس كذلك؛ فإن الهبة يجوز الرجوع فيها على ما فيه من الخلاف والتفصيل، بخلاف الصدقة فإنه لا يجوز الرجوع فيها مطلقا. قاله العلامة العيني في عمدة القاري في كتاب الهبة. وقال صاحب الدر المختار والصدقة كالهبة بجامع التبرع وحينئذ لا تصح غير مقبوضة ولا في مشاع يقسم ولا رجوع فيها.
وَعَنْ بُرَيْدَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: كُنْتُ جَالِسًا عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ إِذْ أَتَتْهُ امْرَأَةٌ، فَقَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنِّي تَصَدَّقْتُ عَلَى أُنِّي بِجَارِيَةٍ وَإِنَّهَا مَاتَتْ، فَقَالَ: «وَجَبَ أَجْرُكِ وَرَدَّهَا۱ عَلَيْكِ الْمِيرَاثُ». رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ.
وَفِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِ مَاجَه عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ(رضي الله عنهما): قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: «مَنْ مَاتَ وَعَلَيْهِ صِيَامُ فَلْيُطْعَمْ عَنْهُ مَكَانَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينٌ».
قَالَ فِي الْجَوْهَرِ النَّقِي»: هَذَا حَدِيْثُ صَحِيحٌ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِلطَّحَاوِيِّ عَنْ عَمْرَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ قُلْتُ لِعَائِشَةَ: إِنَّ أُمِّي تُوُفِّيَتْ وَعَلَيْهَا صِيَامُ رَمَضَانَ، أَيَصْلُحُ أَنْ أَقْضِيَ عَنْهَا؟ فَقَالَتْ: لَا ، وَلَكِنْ تَصَدَّقِي عَنْهَا مَكَانَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ عَلَى مِسْكِينٍ خَيْرٌ مِنْ صِيَامِكِ. قَالَ فِي عُمْدَةِ الْقَارِي»: هَذَا سَنَدٌ صَحِيحٌ. وَفِي رِوَايَةِ مُسْلِمٍ: قَالَتْ: إِنَّهَا لَمْ تَحُجَّ قَطُّ، أَفَأَحُجُ عَنْهَا؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، حُجِّيْ عَنْهَا.
Buraidah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: I was sitting with the Prophet (ﷺ) when a woman came to him and said, "O Messenger of Allah, I gave my slave girl as charity, and she has died." He said, "Your reward is guaranteed, and her inheritance has returned to you." [Narrated by Muslim] In another narration by Ibn Majah, Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Whoever dies owing fasts, a needy person should be fed on his behalf for each day." In Al-Jawhar Al-Naqi, it is said: "This is a Sahih Hadith." In another narration by Al-Tahawi, Amrah bint Abdur-Rahman said: I asked Aisha, "My mother died owing fasts of Ramadan. Can I fast on her behalf?" She said, "No, but give charity on her behalf for each day to a needy person, which is better than your fasting." In Umdat Al-Qari, it is said: "This is a sahih chain." In a narration by Muslim, she said, "She never performed Hajj. Can I perform Hajj on her behalf?" He said, "Yes, perform Hajj on her behalf."
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "Her inheritance has returned to you." The scholars unanimously agreed that if someone gives charity and then inherits it, it is permissible for them. Ibn Al-Tin said: "A group of Zahiris held a strict view and disliked taking it back through inheritance, saying it must be given to a needy person because it becomes the right of Allah." This reasoning contradicts the text. Do you not see that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) allowed the giver to take back his charity when it returned to him through inheritance, while Umar ibn Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) was prevented from buying back his charity? These two hadiths establish the permissibility of charity returning to the giver by Allah's decree and the dislike of it returning by the giver's own action. This is the summary of what is in Umdat Al-Qari, Al-Mirqat, and Sharh Ma'ani Al-Athar.
۱ قوله: ردها عليك الميراث وأجمعوا أن من تصدق بصدقة، ثم ورثها أنه حلال له. وقال ابن التين: وشدت فرقة من أهل الظاهر، فكرهت أخذها بالميراث، وقالوا: يجب صرفها إلى فقير؛ لأنها صارت حقا الله تعالى.
وهذا تعليل في معرض النص، فلا يعقل . أفلا ترى أن رسول الله الله قد أباح للمتصدق صدقته لما رجعت إليه بالميراث، ومنع عمر بن الخطاب الله من ابتياع صدقته، فثبت بهذين الحديثين إباحة الصدقة الراجعة إلى المتصدق بفعل الله وكراهة الصدقة الراجعة إليه بفعل نفسه. هذا حاصل ما في عمدة القاري» و«المرقاة» و«شرح معاني الآثار».