وَقَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّوَجَلَّ: قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَن تَزَكَّى۱ وَذَكَرَ اسْمَ رَبِّهِ فَصَلَّى (الأعلى: ١٣-١٤)
۱ قوله: من تزكى وقال في «الخازن» هو صدقة الفطر، روي عن أبي سعيد الخدري الله في قوله: ﴿قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ تَزَكَّى ﴾ (الأعلى : ١٤) قال : أعطى صدقة الفطر. كذا في الترغيب والترهيب».
And the words of Allah, the Almighty: “He has certainly succeeded who purifies himself” (Al-A’la 87:14).
1 The statement: “Who purifies himself.” In Al-Khazin: It refers to the charity of Fitr. It is narrated from Abu Sa’id Al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) regarding the verse: “He has certainly succeeded who purifies himself” (Al-A’la 87:14), he said: “It means giving the charity of Fitr.” This is mentioned in Al-Targhib wa Al-Tarhib.
وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ ثَعْلَبَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: خَطَبَ رَسُوْلُ اللَّهِ ﷺ النَّاسَ قَبْلَ يَوْمِ الْفِطْرِ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ، فَقَالَ: أَدُّوا صَاعًا مِنْ بُرِّ أَوْ قَمْحٍ بَيْنَ اثْنَيْنِ أَوْ صَاعًا مِنْ تَمَرٍ أَوْ شَعِيْرٍ عَنْ كُلِّ حُرِّ وَعَبْدٍ». رَوَاهُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ.
وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ ابْنُ الْهُمَامِ: هَذَا سَنَدٌ صَحِيحٌ، وَرَوَى أَبُو دَاوُدَ نَحْوَهُ.
Abdullah ibn Tha’labah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) addressed the people a day or two before Eid Al-Fitr and said: “Give a sa’ of wheat or a sa’ of dates or barley for every free person and slave.” [Narrated by Abd Al-Razzaq]
Shaykh Ibn Al-Humam said: “This chain is authentic.” Abu Dawud narrated something similar.
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ أَمَرَ صَارِفًا بِبَطْنِ مَكَّةَ يُنَادِي أَنَّ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ حَقٌّ وَاجِبٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمِ. رَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ فِي الْمُسْتَدْرَكِ».
وَقَالَ: هَذَا حَدِيْثُ صَحِيحُ الْإِسْنَادِ، وَلَمْ يُخَرِّجَاهُ بِهَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظِ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) appointed a caller in the valley of Makkah to announce: “The charity of Fitr is an obligatory duty on every Muslim.” [Narrated by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak, where he said: “This hadith has an authentic chain, but Bukhari and Muslim did not narrate it with these words”]
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ(رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: أَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ بِصَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ عَنِ الصَّغِيْرِ وَالْكَبِيْرِ وَالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدِ مِمَّنْ تَمُوْنُوْنَ. رَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ.
Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) commanded that the charity of Fitr be given on behalf of the young and old, free and slave, whom one supports.” [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni]
وَعَنِ ابْنِ الْمُبَارَكِ عَنِ ابْنِ لَهِيعَةَ ٢ عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ عَنِ الْأَعْرَجِ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: كَانَ يُخْرِجُ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ عَنْ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ يَعُوْلُ مِنْ صَغِيْرٍ وَكَبِيرٍ حُرَّ أَوْ عَبْدٍ، وَلَوْ كَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا۳ مُدَّيْنِ مِنْ قَمْحٍ أَوْ صَاعًا مِنْ تَمَرٍ. رَوَاهُ الطَّحَاوِيُّ في مُشْكِله.
Ibn Al-Mubarak reported from Ibn Lahi’ah from Ubaidullah ibn Abi Ja’far from Al-A’raj from Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) that he used to give the charity of Fitr on behalf of every person under his care, young or old, free or slave, even if they were Christian: two mudd of wheat or one sa’ of dates. [Narrated by Al-Tahawi in Mushkil Al-Athar]
Notes / الحواشي
2 The statement: “Ibn Lahi’ah.” Al-Allamah Al-Ayni said: “The hadith of Ibn Lahi’ah is suitable for corroboration, especially when narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak from him. No one has abandoned it.”
3 The statement: “Even if they were Christian.” Al-Thawri, Abu Hanifah, and his companions held that one must give the charity of Fitr on behalf of their non-Muslim slave. This is also the opinion of Ata, Mujahid, Sa’id ibn Jubayr, Umar ibn Abd Al-Aziz, and Al-Nakha’i. It is narrated from Abu Hurairah and Ibn Umar. They used as evidence the authentic hadith: “There is no charity due on a Muslim’s slave except the charity of Fitr,” which includes non-Muslims. Similarly, the hadith of Ibn Umar and Al-Khudri: “For every free person and slave.” Ibn Bazizah said: “The addition of ‘from the Muslims’ is inconsistent and doubtful in terms of chain and meaning, as Ibn Umar, its narrator, held the opinion of giving charity for non-Muslim slaves. When a narrator contradicts what he narrates, it weakens his narration.” This is the summary of what is in ‘Umdat Al-Qari and Al-Jawhar Al-Naqi.
٢ قوله: ابن لهيعة: قال العلامة العيني وحديث ابن لهيعة يصلح للمتابعة سيما رواية ابن المباك عنه، ولم يتركه أحد.
۳ قوله: نصرانيا: قال الثوري وأبو حنيفة وأصحابه عليه أن يؤدي صدقة الفطر عن عبده الكافر، وهو قول عطاء ومجاهد وسعيد بن جبير وعمر بن عبد العزيز والنخعي، وروي ذلك عن أبي هريرة وابن عمر ، واحتجوا في ذلك بما ثبت في الصحيح حديث: ليس على المسلم في عبده صدقة إلا صدقة الفطر، وهو بعمومه يتناول الكافر أيضًا، وكذا ما تقدم في حديث ابن عمر والخدري: عن كل حر وعبد». وقال ابن بزيزة: إن قوله : من المسلمين زيادة مضطربة من غير شك من جهة الإسناد والمعنى؛ لأن ابن عمر راويه كان من مذهبه إخراج الزكاة عن العبد الكافر، والراوي إذا خالف ما رواه كان تصعيفا لروايته. هذا حاصل ما في عمدة القاري» و«الجوهر النقي».
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ : يُخْرِجُ الرَّجُلُ زَكَاةَ الْفِطْرَ عَنْ كُلِّ مَمْلُوكٍ لَهُ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيًّا أَوْ نَصْرَانِيًّا. رَوَاهُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَاقِ فِي مُصَنَّفِهِ.
وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِلْبُخَارِيِّ وَمُسْلِمٍ: وَأَمَرَ بِهَا أَنْ تُؤَدَّى قَبْلَ خُرُوجِ النَّاسِ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِلْبُخَارِيِّ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ: كَانُوا يُعْطُوْنَ قَبْلَ الْفِطْرِ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “A man should give the charity of Fitr on behalf of every slave he owns, even if they are Jewish or Christian.” [Narrated by Abd Al-Razzaq in his Musannaf]
In a narration by Bukhari and Muslim: “He commanded that it be given before people go out to the prayer.” In another narration by Bukhari from Ibn Umar: “They used to give it a day or two before Eid.”
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: «لَا صَدَقَةَ إِلَّا عَنْ ظَهْرِ غِنِّى». رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ فِي مُسْنَدِهِ، وَذَكَرَهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي صَحِيحِهِ» تَعْلِيْقًا فِي كِتَابِ الْوَصَايَا وَتَعْلِيقَاتُهُ الْمَجْزُوْمَةُ لَهَا حُكْمُ الصَّحَّةِ ، وَرَوَاهُ مَرَّةً مُسْنَدًا بِغَيْرِ هَذَا اللَّفْظِ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: “Charity is only due from the wealthy.” [Narrated by Ahmad in his Musnad]
Bukhari mentioned it in his Sahih as a Mu’allaq (suspended) narration in the Book of Wills, and his Mu’allaq narrations that are confirmed have the status of authenticity. He also narrated it with a different wording.
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ بَعَثَ صَارِضًا بِمَكَّةَ صَاحَ أَنَّ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ حَقٌّ وَاجِبٌ مُدَّانِ مِنْ قَمْحٍ۱ أَوْ صَاعٌ مِنْ شَعِيْرٍ أَوْ تَمَرٍ. رَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ فِي الْمُسْتَدْرَكِ وَصَحَّحَهُ، وَرَوَى الْبَزَّارُ نَحْوَهُ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent a caller in Makkah to announce: “The charity of Fitr is an obligatory duty: two mudd of wheat or one sa’ of barley or dates.” [Narrated by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak and authenticated by him,
Al-Bazzar narrated something similar]
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: “Two mudd of wheat.” This measurement is established for wheat based on the practice of Umar, Ali (as narrated by Al-Tahawi), Abu Bakr (as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi), Ibn Al-Zubayr, Jabir, Ibn Abbas, Ibn Mas’ud, and Abu Hurairah (as narrated by Abd Al-Razzaq). There are also marfu’ narrations in Abu Dawud, Al-Daraqutni, and others, though some chains are weak, as detailed by Al-Zayla’i in Takhrij Ahadith Al-Hidayah. However, this does not harm the ruling, as the practice of the senior Companions supports it. As for the measurement of one sa’ for dates and barley, it is established through several narrations in the books of Sunnah and other authentic collections. This is mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Ri’ayah.
۱ قوله: مدان من قمح: أي نصف صاع ثبت هذا التقدير في الحنطة عن عمر وعلي عند الطحاوي وعن أبي بكر عند البيهقي، وعن ابن الزبير وجابر وابن عباس وابن مسعود وأبي هريرة عند عبد الرزاق، ورويت في ذلك أيضًا أحاديث مرفوعة عند أبي داود والدارقطني وغيرهما، وسند بعضها ضعيف، كما فصله الزيلعي في تخريج أحاديث الهداية، لكن لا يضر ذلك بعد ما ثبت عمل أكابر الصحابة على وفقه. وأما التقدير بالصاع في التمر والشعير فثابت من عدة أحاديث مخرجة في كتب السنن وغيرها من الصحاح. قاله في «عمدة الرعاية».
وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ جَدِّهِ (رضي الله عنهم) أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بَعَثَ مُنَادِيًا يُنَادِي فِي فِجَاجٍ مَكَّةَ: أَلَا إِنَّ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ وَاجِبَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ، وَفِيْهِ مُدَّانِ مِنْ قَمْحٍ. رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ، وَقَالَ: حَسَنٌ غَرِيبٌ.
فِيهِ سَالِمُ بْنُ نُوحٍ قَالَ: صَاحِبُ التَّنْقِيحِ»: هُوَ صَدُوْقٌ، رَوَى لَهُ مُسْلِمٌ فِي صَحِيحِهِ»، وَقَالَ أَبُو زُرْعَةَ: صَدُوْقُ ثِقَةٌ، وَوَثَّقَهُ ابْنُ حِبَّانَ. وَرَوَى الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ نَحْوَهُ، وَفِيهِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ صَالِحٍ، قَالَ صَاحِبُ التَّنْقِيحِ»: وَلَا نَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا ضَعَّفَهُ، لَكِنَّهُ غَيْرُ مَشْهُورِ الْحَالِ. وَقِيلَ : هُوَ مَكِي مَعْرُوْفٌ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ الْعِبَادِ، وَكُنْيَتُهُ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ.
Amr ibn Shu’ayb reported from his father, from his grandfather (may Allah be pleased with him), that the Prophet (ﷺ) sent a caller through the streets of Makkah to announce: “The charity of Fitr is an obligatory duty on every Muslim: two mudd of wheat.” [Narrated by Tirmidhi, who said: “It is “Hasan Gharib”]
It includes Salim ibn Nuh. The author of Al-Tanqih said: “He is truthful. Muslim narrated from him in his Sahih.” Abu Zur’ah said: “He is truthful and reliable.” Ibn Hibban also authenticated him. Al-Daraqutni narrated something similar, which includes Ali ibn Salih. The author of Al-Tanqih said: “We do not know of anyone who weakened him, but his status is not well-known. It is said that he is a well-known Makkan and one of the worshippers. His kunya is Abu Al-Hasan.”
وَعَنْ أَسْمَاءَ بِنْتِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَتْ: كُنَّا نُؤَدِّي زَكَاةَ الْفِطْرِ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ مُدَّيْنِ مِنْ قَمْحٍ بِالْمُدِّ الَّذِي نَقْتَاتُ بِهِ. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ فِي مُسْنَدِهِ.
وَفِيهِ ابْن لَهِيعَةَ ، وَقَالَ صَاحِبُ التَّنْقِيحِ»: وَحَدِيثُهُ يَصْلُحُ لِلْمُتَابَعَةِ، سِيِّمَا إِذَا كَانَ مِنْ رِوَايَةِ إِمَامٍ مِثْلَ ابْنِ الْمُبَارَكِ عَنْهُ.
Asma bint Abi Bakr (may Allah be pleased with her) said: “We used to give the charity of Fitr during the time of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) as two mudd of wheat according to the measure we used for food.” [Narrated by Ahmad in his Musnad]
It includes Ibn Lahi’ah. The author of Al-Tanqih said: “His hadith is suitable for corroboration, especially when narrated by an imam like Ibn Al-Mubarak from him.”
وَعَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ فَرَضَ زَكَاةَ الْفِطْرِ مُدَّيْنِ مِنْ حِنْطَةٍ. رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ فِي مَرَاسِيْلِهِ، وَرَوَى الطَّحَاوِيُّ عَنْهُ نَحْوَهُ.
وَقَالَ فِي التَّنْقِيحِ»: إِسْنَادُهُ صَحِيحٌ كَالشَّمْسِ، وَكَوْنُهُ مُرْسَلًا لَا يَضُرُّ؛ فَإِنَّهُ مُرْسَلُ سَعِيدٍ، وَمَرَاسِيْلُهُ حُجَّةٌ.
وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِأَبِي دَاوُدَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) : قَالَ: فَرَضَ رَسُوْلُ اللَّهِ ﷺ زَكَاةَ الْفِطْرِ طُهْرًا لِصِيَامٍ۱ مِنَ اللَّغْوِ وَالرَّفَثِ وَطُعْمَةً لِلْمَسَاكِينِ.
Sa’id ibn Al-Musayyib reported that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) made the charity of Fitr obligatory as two mudd of wheat. [Narrated by Abu Dawud in his Marasil]
Al-Tahawi narrated something similar. The author of Al-Tanqih said: “Its chain is as clear as the sun. Its being mursal (with a missing link) does not harm it, as it is the mursal of Sa’id, and his marasil are evidence.”
In a narration by Abu Dawud from Ibn Abbas: He said: “The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) made the charity of Fitr obligatory as a purification for the fasting person from idle talk and obscenity and as food for the poor.”
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: “A purification for the fasting person from idle talk and obscenity.” Ibn Al-Malik said: “This is because good deeds erase bad deeds. Those who do not consider the charity of Fitr obligatory for children use this as evidence, as they are not required to fast, so purification does not apply to them. However, the majority consider it obligatory for them, perhaps viewing the reason for its obligation as a combination of purification and feeding the poor, giving priority to the poor. Al-Shafi’i also held that its obligation is conditional on owning what exceeds one’s daily sustenance for oneself and one’s dependents, as both the rich and poor are equal in its being a purification. I say: Just as this condition is mentioned, we consider the nisab (minimum amount) a condition, based on the evidence, to reconcile the hadiths as much as possible.” This is mentioned in Al-Mirqat.
1 The statement: “By which you purify them.” Ali Al-Qari said: “It is like washing away dirt.”
۱ قوله: طهر طهرة للصائم لصيام من اللغو والرفث قال ابن الملك: وهذا؛ لأن الحسنات يذهبن السيئات. تمسك به من لم يوجب الفطرة على الأطفال؛ لأنهم إذا لم يلزمهم الصيام لم يلزم طهرتهم. والأكثرون على إيجابها عليهم، ولعلهم نظروا إلى أن علة الإيجاب مركبة من الطهرة والطعمة؛ رعاية الجانب المساكين. وذهب الشافعي مع هذا أيضًا إلى أن شرط وجوبها أن يملك ما يفضل عن قوت يومه لنفسه وعياله؛ لاستواء الغني والفقير في كونها طهرة. أقول: كما أنه شرط ما ذكر شرطنا النصاب؛ لما تقدم من الأدلة جمعًا بين الأحاديث ما أمكن. كذا في «المرقاة».
۱ قوله: تطهرهم : قال علي القاري: فهي كغسالة الأوساخ.