وَقَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّوَجَلَّ: يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُوْنَ أَيَّامًا مَّعْدُودَاتٍ(البقرة: ۱۸۳) ، وَقَوْلِهِ: شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيْهِ الْقُرْءَانُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى وَالْفُرْقَانِ فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ (البقرة: ١٨٥)
And the saying of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic: "O you who believe, fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may attain piety, for a fixed number of days" (Al-Baqarah: 183-184); and His saying: "The month of Ramadan, in which the Qur'an was sent down as guidance for mankind and as clear proofs of guidance and the Criterion; so whoever among you witnesses the month, let him fast it" (Al-Baqarah: 185).
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ : إِذَا دَخَلَ۱ رَمَضَانُ فُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُ السَّمَاءِ». وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: فُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُ الْجَنَّةِ، وَغُلِّقَتْ أَبْوَابُ جَهَنَّمَ، وَسُلْسِلَتْ الشَّيَاطِينُ». وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: فُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُ الرَّحْمَةِ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "When Ramadan begins, the gates of heaven are opened." In another narration, "The gates of Paradise are opened, the gates of Hell are closed, and the devils are chained." In another narration, "The gates of mercy are opened." [Agreed upon]
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "When Ramadan begins." Some said: "The correct view is what Muhammad reported from Mujahid, and no one disagreed with it, that it is disliked to say, 'Ramadan has come' or 'Ramadan has gone,' because it is one of the names of Allah. However, most scholars hold that it is not disliked, as it appears in authentic hadiths." This is mentioned in Rad Al-Muhtar.
۱ قوله دخل رمضان قال بعضهم: الصحيح ما رواه محمد عن مجاهد، ولم يحك خلافه أنه كره أن يقال: جاء رمضان وذهب رمضان؛ لأنه اسم من أسمائه تعالى، وعامة المشايخ أنه لا يكره؛ لمجيئه في الأحاديث الصحيحة. كذا في رد المحتار».
وَعَنْهُ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: «إِذَا كَانَ أَوَّلُ لَيْلَةِ مِنْ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ صُفَّدَتِ الشَّيَاطِينُ، وَمَرَدَةُ الجِنِّ، وَغُلَّقَتْ أَبْوَابُ النَّارِ فَلَمْ يُفْتَحْ مِنْهَا بَابُ، وَفُتِّحَتْ أَبْوَابُ الْجَنَّةِ فَلَمْ يُغْلَقْ مِنْهَا بَابٌ، وَيُنَادِي مُنَادٍ: يَا بَاغِيَ الْخَيْرِ أَقْبِلْ، وَيَا بَاغِيَ الشَّرِّ أَقْصِرْ، وَلِلَّهِ عُتَقَاءُ مِنَ النَّارِ، وَذَلكَ كُلُّ لَيْلَةٍ. رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ وَابْنُ مَاجَهِ، وَرَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "When the first night of Ramadan comes, the devils and rebellious jinn are chained, the gates of Hell are closed, and none of its gates are opened. The gates of Paradise are opened, and none of its gates are closed. A caller calls out, 'O seeker of good, proceed! O seeker of evil, desist!' And Allah has people whom He frees from the Fire, and that happens every night." [Narrated by Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah, and Ahmad narrated it from a man]
وَعَنْهُ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: «أَتَاكُمْ رَمَضَانُ شَهْرٌ مُبَارَكٌ، فَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ صِيَامَهُ، تُفْتَحُ فِيْهِ أَبْوَابُ السَّمَاءِ، وَتُغْلَقُ فِيْهِ أَبْوَابُ الْجَحِيمِ، وَتُغَلُّ فِيْهِ مَرَدَةُ الشَّيَاطِينُ، لِلَّهِ فِيْهِ لَيْلَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ ، مَنْ حُرِمَ خَيْرَهَا فَقَدْ حُرِمَ». رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَالنَّسَائِيُّ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Ramadan has come to you, a blessed month. Allah has made fasting in it obligatory for you. The gates of heaven are opened, the gates of Hell are closed, and the rebellious devils are chained. In it is a night better than a thousand months. Whoever is deprived of its goodness is truly deprived." [Narrated by Ahmad and Nasa'i]
وَعَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: دَخَلَ رَمَضَانُ ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «إِنَّ هَذَا الشَّهْرَ قَدْ حَضَرَكُمْ، وَفِيْهِ لَيْلَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ ، مَنْ حُرِمَهَا فَقَدْ حُرِمَ الْخَيْرُ كُلَّهُ، وَلَا يُحْرَمُ خَيْرَهَا إِلَّا كُلُّ مَحْرُوْمٍ». رَوَاهُ ابْنِ مَاجَه.
Anas ibn Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: When Ramadan began, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "This month has come to you, and in it is a night better than a thousand months. Whoever is deprived of it is deprived of all goodness, and only the deprived one is deprived of its goodness." [Narrated by Ibn Majah]
وَعَنْ سَلْمَانَ الْفَارِسِيِّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: خَطَبَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي آخِرِ يَوْمٍ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ، فَقَالَ: «يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، قَدْ أَظَلَّكُمْ شَهْرٌ عَظِيمٌ، شَهْرُ مُبَارَكٌ، شَهْرٌ فِيْهِ لَيْلَةً خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ، جَعَلَ اللهُ صِيَامَهُ فَرِيضَةً وَقِيَامَ لَيْلِهِ تَطَوُّعًا. مَنْ تَقَرَّبَ فِيْهِ بِخَصْلَةٍ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ كَانَ كَمَنْ أَدَّى فَرِيضَةً فِيْمَا سِوَاهُ، وَمَنْ أَدَّى فَرِيضَةٌ فِيْهِ كَانَ كَمَنْ أَدَّى سَبْعِيْنَ فَرِيضَةً فِيْمَا سِوَاهُ، وَهُوَ شَهْرُ الصَّبْرِ، وَالصَّبْرُ ثَوَابُهُ الْجَنَّةُ، وَشَهْرُ الْمُؤَاسَاةِ، وَشَهْرُ يُزَادُ فِيْهِ رِزْقُ الْمُؤْمِنِ. مَنْ فَطَرَ فِيْهِ صَائِمًا كَانَ لَهُ مَغْفِرَةٌ لِذُنُوْبِهِ وَعِتْقُ رَقَبَتِهِ مِنَ النَّارِ، وَكَانَ لَهُ مِثْلُ أَجْرِهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُنْتَقَصَ مِنْ أَجْرِهِ شَيْءٌ».
قُلْنَا: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، لَيْسَ كُلُّنَا نَجِدُ مَا نُفَطَّرُ بِهِ الصَّائِمَ، فَقَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: يُعْطِي اللهُ هَذَا الثَّوَابَ مَنْ فَطَرَ صَائِمًا عَلَى مَذْقَةِ لَبَنٍ أَوْ تَمْرَةٍ أَوْ شُرْبَةٍ مِنْ مَاءٍ، وَمَنْ أَشْبَعَ صَائِمًا سَقَاهُ اللهُ مِنْ حَوْضِيْ شُرْبَةً لَا يَظْمَأُ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ. وَهُمْ شَهْرُ أَوَّلُهُ رَحْمَةٌ، وَأَوْسَطُهُ مَغْفِرَةٌ، وَآخِرُهُ عِنْقٌ مِنَ النَّارِ. وَمَنْ خَفَّفَ عَنْ مَمْلُوكِهِ فِيْهِ غَفَرَ اللَّهُ لَهُ، وَأَعْتَقَهُ مِنَ النَّارِ». رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي شُعَبِ الْإِيْمَانِ».
Salman Al-Farisi (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) addressed us on the last day of Sha'ban and said, "O people, a great month has come upon you, a blessed month. In it is a night better than a thousand months. Allah has made fasting in it obligatory and standing in prayer at night voluntary. Whoever draws near to Allah with a good deed in it is like one who fulfills an obligation in other times, and whoever fulfills an obligation in it is like one who fulfills seventy obligations in other times. It is the month of patience, and the reward of patience is Paradise. It is the month of compassion, and the provision of the believer is increased in it. Whoever feeds a fasting person in it will have his sins forgiven, his neck freed from the Fire, and he will have a reward like that of the fasting person without diminishing his reward in the least." We said, "O Messenger of Allah, not all of us have the means to feed a fasting person." The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Allah grants this reward to whoever feeds a fasting person with a sip of milk, a date, or a drink of water. And whoever satisfies a fasting person, Allah will give him a drink from my pool, and he will never thirst until he enters Paradise. It is a month whose beginning is mercy, whose middle is forgiveness, and whose end is freedom from the Fire. Whoever eases the burden of his slave in it, Allah will forgive him and free him from the Fire." [Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Shu'ab Al-Iman]
وَعَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: فِي الْجَنَّةِ ثَمَانِيَةُ أَبْوَابٍ، مِنْهَا بَابٌ يُسَمَّى الرَّيَّانُ، لَا يَدْخُلُهُ إِلَّا الصَّائِمُوْنَ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Sahl ibn Sa'd (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "In Paradise, there are eight gates, one of which is called Ar-Rayyan, which only those who fast will enter." [Agreed upon]
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: «مَنْ صَامَ رَمَضَانَ إِيْمَانًا وَاحْتِسَابًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ، وَمَنْ قَامَ رَمَضَانَ إِيْمَانًا وَاحْتِسَابًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ، وَمَنْ قَامَ لَيْلَةَ الْقَدْرِ إِيْمَانًا وَاحْتِسَابًا غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Whoever fasts Ramadan out of faith and seeking reward will have his past sins forgiven. Whoever stands in prayer during Ramadan out of faith and seeking reward will have his past sins forgiven. And whoever stands in prayer on the Night of Decree out of faith and seeking reward will have his past sins forgiven."
وَعَنْهُ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: كُلُّ عَمَلِ ابْنِ آدَمَ يُضَاعَفُ الْحَسَنَةُ عَشْرُ أَمْثَالِهَا إِلَى سَبْعِ مِائَة ضِعْفٍ، قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالَى : إِلَّا الصَّوْمَ؛ فَإِنَّهُ لِيْ وَأَنَا أَجْزِي بِهِ، يَدَعُ شَهْوَتَهُ وَطَعَامَهُ مِنْ أَجْلِي لِلصَّائِمِ فَرْحَتَانِ : فَرْحَةٌ عِنْدَ فِطْرِهِ، وَفَرْحَةٌ عِنْدَ لِقَاءِ رَبِّهِ. وَلَخَلُوْفُ۱ فَمِ الصَّائِمِ أَطْيَبُ عِنْدَ اللهِ مِنْ رِيحِ الْمِسْكِ، وَالصِّيَامُ جُنَّةٌ. وَإِذَا كَانَ يَوْمُ صَوْمِ أَحَدِكُمْ فَلَا يَرْفَتْ وَلَا يَصْخَبْ، فَإِنْ سَابَّهُ أَحَدٌ أَوْ قَاتَلَهُ فَلْيَقُلْ: إِنِّي امْرُؤٌ صَائِمٌ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Every deed of the son of Adam is multiplied, a good deed receiving ten to seven hundred times its reward. Allah says, 'Except for fasting, for it is for Me, and I will reward it. He gives up his desires and food for My sake.' The fasting person has two joys: one when he breaks his fast, and one when he meets his Lord. The breath of the fasting person is more pleasant to Allah than the scent of musk. Fasting is a shield. If one of you is fasting, he should not engage in foul speech or raise his voice. If someone insults him or fights him, he should say, 'I am fasting.'" [Agreed upon]
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "The breath of the fasting person." In Al-Mirqat, it is said: "This does not necessarily mean that the fasting person should not remove the odor with a toothstick (miswak), as Al-Shafi'i used this hadith to argue that using a miswak after midday is disliked. This is similar to a mother saying about her child's urine, 'It is more pleasant to me than rosewater,' which does not mean she should not wash it. This issue will be discussed further in the chapter on the etiquette of fasting, Allah willing." Al-Qaduri from the Hanafis, Ibn Al-Arabi from the Malikis, Abu Uthman Al-Sabuni, Abu Bakr ibn Al-Sam'ani, and others from the Shafi'is all agreed that it refers to Allah's pleasure and acceptance. Al-Qadi said: "Allah may reward him in the Hereafter so that its fragrance becomes more pleasant than musk." There was a disagreement between Shaykh Taqiuddin Ibn Al-Salah and Shaykh Izzuddin Ibn Abd Al-Salam regarding whether the pleasantness of the fasting person's breath is in this world or the Hereafter. Ibn Abd Al-Salam held that it is in the Hereafter, like the blood of a martyr, and he cited as evidence what Muslim, Ahmad, and Nasa'i reported from Ata' from Abu Salih: "More pleasant to Allah on the Day of Resurrection." This is mentioned in Umdat Al-Qari. Shaykh Ibn Al-Humam said: "As for the meaning, it does not necessitate the dislike of using a miswak, because it is based on the assumption that the miswak removes the odor, which is not proven. It only removes the visible effect on the teeth, such as yellowing, because the cause is the emptiness of the stomach from food, and the miswak does not fill it with food to remove the cause." In Umdat Al-Qari, it is said: "The Prophet (ﷺ) praised the fasting person's breath to discourage people from avoiding speaking to fasting people due to the odor, not to discourage fasting people from using a miswak. Allah is above needing pleasant scents, so we know for certain that the prohibition was not about preserving the odor but about discouraging people from disliking it."
۱ قوله ولخلوف فم الصائم إلخ وقال في المرقاة»: لا يلزم من هذه العبارة عدم إزالة الخلوف بالسواك وغيره، كما استدل الشافعي بهذا الحديث على أن السواك بعد الزوال مكروه؛ لأن نظيره قول الوالدة لبول ولدي: أطيب من ماء الورد عندي، وهو لا يستلزم عدم غسل البول، فكذا هذا وسيأتي بسط هذه المسألة إن شاء الله تعالى في أثناء باب تنزيه الصوم انتهى.
وقال القدوري من الحنفية وابن العربي من المالكية وأبو عثمان الصابوني وأبو بكر بن السمعاني وغيرهم من الشافعية جزموا كلهم بأنه عبارة عن الرضى والقبول.
وقال القاضي: وقد يجزيه الله تعالى في الآخرة حتى يكون نكهته أطيب من ريح المسك.
وقد اختلف الشيخ تقي الدين ابن الصلاح والشيخ عز الدين ابن عبد السلام في طيب رائحة الخلوف هل هي في الدنيا أو في الآخرة، فذهب ابن عبد السلام إلى أن ذلك في الآخرة كما في دم الشهيد، واستدل بما رواه مسلم وأحمد والنسائي من طريق عطاء عن أبي صالح: أطيب عند الله يوم القيامة». كذا في عمدة القاري.
وقال الشيخ ابن الهمام: وأما المعنى فلا يستلزم كراهة الاستياك؛ لأنه بناء على أن السواك يزيل الخلوف، وهو غير مسلم، بل إنما يزيل أثره الظاهر على السن من الاصفرار، وهذا لأن سببه خلو المعدة من الطعام، والسواك لا يفيد شغلها بطعام ليرتفع السبب انتهى.
وقال في عمدة القاري: إنما مدح النبي ﷺ الخلوف نهيا للناس عن تحرز مكالمة الصائمين بسبب الخلوف لا نهيا للصوّام عن السواك، والله غني عن وصل الرائحة الطيبة إليه، فعلمنا يقيناً أنه لم يرد بالنهي استبقاء الرائحة، وإنما أراد نهي الناس عن كراهتها.
وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو (رضي الله عنهما) أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «الصِّيَامُ وَالْقُرْآنُ يَشْفَعَانِ لِلْعَبْدِ يَقُوْلُ الصِّيَامُ : أَيْ رَبِّ إِنِّي مَنَعْتُهُ الطَّعَامَ وَالشَّهَوَاتِ بِالنَّهَارِ فَشَفِّعْنِي فِيهِ. وَيَقُوْلُ الْقُرْآنُ: مَنَعْتُهُ النَّوْمَ بِاللَّيْلِ فَشَفَعْنِي فِيهِ». قَالَ: «فَيُشَفَعَانِ رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي شُعَبِ الْإِيْمَانِ».
Abdullah ibn Amr (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, "Fasting and the Quran will intercede for the servant on the Day of Resurrection. Fasting will say, 'O Lord, I prevented him from food and desires during the day, so allow me to intercede for him.' The Quran will say, 'I prevented him from sleep at night, so allow me to intercede for him.' They will be allowed to intercede." [Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Shu'ab Al-Iman]
وَعَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسِ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ إِذَا دَخَلَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ أَطْلَقَ كُلَّ أَسِيرٍ۱ وَأَعْطَى كُلَّ سَائِلٍ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: When the month of Ramadan began, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) would release every prisoner and give to every beggar.
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "Every prisoner." This refers to those who are imprisoned for a right owed to Allah or to a person, and their release is a way of emulating Allah's attributes.
۱ قوله : كل أسير : أي محبوس ممن يستحق الحبس لحق الله، أو لحق العبد بتخليصه منه : تخلقا بأخلاق الله تعالى.
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ (رضي الله عنهما) أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: «إِنَّ الْجَنَّةَ تُزَخْرَفُ لِرَمَضَانَ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْحَوْلِ إِلَى حَوْلٍ قَابِل». قَالَ: «فَإِذَا كَانَ أَوَّلُ يَوْمٍ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ هَبَّتْ رِيْحُ تَحْتَ الْعَرْشِ مِنْ وَرَقِ الْجَنَّةِ عَلَى الْحُورِ الْعَيْنِ، فَيَقُلْنَ: يَا رَبِّ اجْعَلْ لَنَا مِنْ عِبَادِكَ أَزْوَاجًا تُقِرُّ بِهِمْ أَعْيُنُنَا، وَتُقِرُّ أَعْيُنُهُمْ بِنَا». رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي شُعَبِ الْإِيْمَانِ».
Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Paradise is adorned for Ramadan from the beginning of the year to the next." He said, "When the first day of Ramadan comes, a wind blows from under the Throne, carrying the leaves of Paradise to the wide-eyed maidens, who say, 'O Lord, grant us husbands from Your servants who will please our eyes and whose eyes we will please.'" [Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Shu'ab Al-Iman]
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «يُغْفَرُ لِأُمَّتِهِ فِي آخِرِ لَيْلَةٍ فِي رَمَضَانَ». قِيلَ : يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، أَهِيَ لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ؟ قَالَ: «لَا، وَلَكِنَّ الْعَامِلَ إِنَّمَا يُوْفَّى أَجْرُهُ إِذَا قَضَى عَمَلَهُ. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "My Ummah is forgiven on the last night of Ramadan." It was said, "O Messenger of Allah, is it the Night of Decree?" He said, "No, but the worker is given his full reward when he completes his work." [Narrated by Ahmad]
Notes / الحواشي
2 The statement: "Measurements of time." In Al-Madarik, it is said: "They are landmarks by which people time their farming, trade, debt settlements, fasting, breaking the fast, the waiting period for women, their menstrual cycles, the duration of pregnancy, and other matters. They are also landmarks for Hajj, by which its time is known."
٢ قوله: مواقيت إلخ: وقال في المدارك»: أي معالم يوقت بها الناس مزارعهم ومتاجرهم ومحال ديونهم وصومهم وفطرهم وعدة نسائهم وأيام حيضهن ومدة حملهن وغير ذلك، ومعالم للحج يعرف بها وقته.