وَقَوْلِ اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: ﴿وَإِنْ كُنْتُم مَّرْضَى أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ أَوْ جَاءَ أَحَدٌ مِّنكُم مِنَ الْغَابِطِ أَوْ لَمَسْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَلَمْ تَجِدُوا مَاءً فَتَيَمَّمُوا صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا فَامْسَحُوا بِوُجُوهِكُمْ وَأَيْدِيكُم مِّنْهُ (المائدة: ٦ ، وَقَوْلِهِ: ﴿وَلَا جُنُبًا إِلَّا عَابِرِى سَبِيلٍ حَتَّى تَغْتَسِلُوا (النساء: ٤٣ ، وَقَوْلِهِ: مَا يُرِيدُ اللهُ لِيَجْعَلَ عَلَيْكُم مِّنْ حَرَجٍ وَلَكِن يُرِيدُ لِيُطَهِّرَكُمْ وَلِيُتِمَّ نِعْمَتَهُ عَلَيْكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ (المائدة: ٦
And the saying of Allah, the Almighty: "And if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the place of relieving himself, or you have touched women, and you do not find water, then perform tayammum with clean soil and wipe over your faces and hands. And the saying of Allah: 'And do not approach prayer while you are in a state of janabah (major impurity) until you have washed yourselves.'" (Surah Al-Ma'idah: 6)
And His saying: "Allah does not want to make any difficulty for you, but He wants to purify you and complete His favor upon you so that you may be grateful." (Surah An-Nisa: 43)
عَنْ عَائِشَةَ (رضي الله عنها) قَالَتْ: خَرَجْنَا مَعَ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ ﷺ فِي بَعْضِ أَسْفَارِهِ، حَتَّى إِذَا كُنَّا بِالْبَيْدَاءِ أَوْ ذَاتِ الْجَيْشِ انْقَطَعَ عِقْدُ لِي، فَأَقَامَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ عَلَى الْتِمَاسَهِ، وَأَقَامَ النَّاسُ مَعَهُ، وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءُ فَأَتَى النَّاسُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فَقَالُوا: أَلَا تَرَى مَا صَنَعَتْ عَائِشَةُ؟ أَقَامَتْ بِرَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ وَبِالنَّاسِ، وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءً. فَجَاءَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الله وَرَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ وَاضِعُ رَأْسَهُ عَلَى فَخِذِي وَقَدْ نَامَ، فَقَالَ: حَبَسْتِ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ وَالنَّاسَ، وَلَيْسُوا عَلَى مَاءٍ وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَاءً؟
قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ : فَعَاتَبَنِي أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَقَالَ مَا شَاءَ اللهُ أَنْ يَقُوْلَ، وَجَعَلَ يَطْعُنُ بِيَدِهِ فِي خَاصِرَتِي، فَمَا مَنَعَنِي مِنَ التَّحَرُّكِ إِلَّا مَكَانُ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ ﷺ عَلَى فَخِذِي. فَنَامَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ عَلَى غَيْرِ مَاءٍ ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللهُ عَزَّوَجَلَّ آيَةَ التَّيَمُّمِ. فَقَالَ أُسَيْدُ بْنُ خُضَيْرٍ: مَا هِيَ بِأَوَّلِ بَرَكَتِكُمْ يَا آلَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ. قَالَتْ: فَبَعَثْنَا الْبَعِيرَ الَّذِي كُنْتُ عَلَيْهِ، فَوَجَدْنَا الْعِقْدَ تَحْتَهُ. رَوَاهُ النَّسَائِيُّ، وَرَوَى البُخَارِيُّ وَمُسْلِمُ نَحْوَهُ.
A narration from Aisha (may Allah be pleased with him): She said: "We went out with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on one of his journeys, and when we reached a place called Al-Baidah or Dhat al-Jaysh, my necklace broke. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ stayed behind to search for it, and the people stayed with him. They had no water and no water with them. So, the people went to Abu Bakr and said: 'Do you not see what Aisha has done? She has stopped the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the people, and they have no water.' Abu Bakr came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and found him lying with his head on my lap, and he said: 'You have detained the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the people, and they have no water!' Aisha said: "Abu Bakr reprimanded me and said whatever Allah willed him to say, and he started to poke me in my side with his hand. The only thing that stopped me from moving was the position of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on my lap. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ slept until morning without water. Then Allah, the Exalted, revealed the verse of tayammum." Usayd bin Hudayr said: "This is not the first blessing you have received, O family of Abu Bakr." Aisha said: "We sent the camel I was riding in search of the necklace, and we found it under it." [Narrated by Al-Nasa'i, and similar narrations are found in Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim]
وَعَنْ أَبِي ذَرِّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ: «إِنَّ الصَّعِيدَ الطَّيِّبَ وَضُوْءُ الْمُسْلِمِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَجِدِ الْمَاءَ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ، فَإِذَا وَجَدَ الْمَاءَ فَلْيُمِسَّهُ بَشَرَهُ؛ فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ خَيْرٌ». رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَالتَّرْمِذِيُّ وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ وَرَوَى النَّسَائِيُّ نَحْوَهُ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ : عَشَرَ سِنِينَ».
قَالَ الزُّجَاجُ: «الصَّعِيْدُ وَجْهُ الْأَرْضِ، كَانَ عَلَيْهِ تُرَابُ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ، تُرَابًا كَانَ أَوْ صَخْرًا لَا غُبَارَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ: وَلَا أَعْلَمُ خِلَافًا بَيْنَ أَهْلِ اللُّغَةِ فِي أَنَّ الصَّعِيدَ وَجْهُ الْأَرْضِ. وَقَالَ عُلَمَاؤُنَا: فَفِي هَذَا الْحَدِيْثِ دَلِيْلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ التَّيَمُّمَ رَافِعُ لِلْحَدَثِ، لَا مُبِيْحُ لَهُ، وَأَنَّ خُرُوجَ الْوَقْتِ غَيْرُ نَاقِضٍ لِلتَّيَمُّمِ، بَلْ حُكْمُهُ حُكْمُ الْوُضُوءِ، فَيَصِحُ فِي الْوَقْتِ وَقَبْلَهُ، وَيُصَلِّي بِهِ مَا شَاءَ مِنْ فَرْضٍ وَنَفْلٍ. وَلَا يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَهُما؛ لِمَا فِيْهِ مِنَ الْجَمْعِ بَيْنَ الْبَدَلِ وَالْمُبْدَلِ. وَفِي إِطْلَاقِهِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى نَفْيِ تَخْصِيْصِ النَّاقِضِيَّةِ بِالْوِجْدَانِ خَارِجَ الصَّلَاةِ.
Abu Dharr (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The pure soil is the ablution of the Muslim, even if he does not find water for ten years. When he finds water, let him touch his skin with it; indeed, that is better." [Narrated by Ahmad, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, and Nasa'i similarly, with the addition "for ten years"]
Al-Zajjaj said: "The word 'sa'id' (pure soil) refers to the surface of the earth, whether it is covered in dust or not, whether it is earth or stone, as long as it has no dust on it. I am unaware of any disagreement among the linguists regarding the meaning of 'sa'id' as the surface of the earth."
Our scholars have said that this hadith indicates that tayammum removes the state of ritual impurity (hadath), not merely permitting it. Also, the passing of time does not invalidate the tayammum. It is like wudu in that it is valid both during the time and before the time, and one may pray any obligatory or voluntary prayer with it. However, it does not combine with wudu, as it represents an alternative to the latter. The generality of this narration suggests that tayammum is not invalidated by the mere fact of finding water outside of prayer.
وَعَنْ عَلِيٍّ وَعَبْدِ اللهِ بْن عَمْرٍو وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ وَجَابِرٍ وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَحُذَيْفَةَ وَأَنَسٍ وَأَبِي أُمَامَةَ وَأَبِي ذَرِّ (رضي الله عنهم) قَالُوا: إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: «جُعِلَتْ لِيَ الْأَرْضُ كُلُّهَا مَسْجِدًا وَطَهُورًا». رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ، وَرَوَى البُخَارِيُّ نَحْوَهُ.
Ali, Abdullah bin Amr, Abu Hurairah, Jabir, Ibn Abbas, Hudhayfah, Anas, Abu Umamah, and Abu Dharr (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet ﷺ said: "The whole earth has been made for me a mosque and a means of purification." [Narrated by Tirmidhi, and a similar narration was narrated by Bukhari]
وَعَنْ عِمْرَانَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: كُنَّا فِي سَفَرٍ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ، فَصَلَّى بِالنَّاسِ، فَلَمَّا انْفَتَلَ مِنْ صَلَاتِهِ، إِذَا هُوَ بِرَجُلٍ مُعْتَزِلٍ لَمْ يُصَلِّ مَعَ الْقَوْمِ، فَقَالَ: «مَا مَنَعَكَ يَا فُلَانُ، أَنْ تُصَلِّي مَعَ الْقَوْمِ؟ قَالَ أَصَابَتْنِي جَنَابَةُ، وَلَا مَاءَ. قَالَ: «عَلَيْكَ بِالصَّعِيدِ؛ فَإِنَّهُ يَكْفِيكَ». مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
Imran (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: We were on a journey with the Prophet ﷺ, and he prayed with the people. When he finished his prayer, he noticed a man who had not prayed with the group. He said: "What prevented you, O so-and-so, from praying with the people?" He replied, "I was in a state of janabah (major impurity) and there was no water." He ﷺ said: "Use the pure soil, for it will suffice you." [Agreed upon]
وَعَنْ عَليَّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَلَا جُنُبًا إِلَّا عَابِرِي سَبِيلِ : نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي الْمُسَافِرِ تُصِيبُهُ الْجَنَابَةُ فَيَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: لَا يَقْرَبُ الصَّلَاةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُوْنَ (النساء: ٤٣ مُسَافِرًا تُصِيبُهُ الْجَنَابَةُ فَلَا يَجِدُ الْمَاءَ، فَيَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي، حَتَّى يَجِدَ الْمَاءَ رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ وَابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَالْفِرْيَابِيُّ وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ.
Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said regarding the verse: "And do not approach prayer unless you are in a state of purity, except for those who are travelers who are struck with major impurity..." (An-Nisa 4:43): This verse was revealed regarding travelers who experience major impurity and cannot find water. They may perform tayammum and pray. In another narration, it is mentioned that a traveler who experiences janabah (major impurity) and does not find water should perform tayammum and pray until they find water. [Narrated by Bayhaqi, Ibn Abi Shaybah, Firyabi, Ibn al-Mundhir, and Ibn Abi Hatim]
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ فِي قَوْلِهِ : وَلَا جُنُبًا إِلَّا عَابِرِي سَبِيلٍ ) يَقُوْلُ: لَا تَقَرَبُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَأَنْتُمْ جُنُبُ إِذَا وَجَدَتُمُ الْمَاءَ، فَإِنْ لَمْ تَجِدُوا الْمَاءَ فَقَدْ أُحِلَّتْ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَمْسَحُوْا بِالْأَرْضِ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَعَبْدُ بْن حُمَيْدٍ مِنْ طُرُقٍ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated regarding the verse: "And do not approach prayer while you are in a state of major impurity except when you are traveling" (An-Nisa: 43): He said: "This means: Do not approach the prayer while you are in a state of janabah (major impurity) unless you have found water. If you do not find water, then it is permissible for you to perform tayammum by striking the earth." [Narrated by Ibn Jarir and Abdul bin Humayd from different sources]
وَعَنْهُ (رضي الله عنه) فِي قَوْلِهِ: وَلَا جُنُبًا إِلَّا عَابِرِى سَبِيلٍ قَالَ: هُوَ الْمُسَافِرُ لَا يَجِدُ الْمَاءَ فَيَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي رَوَاهُ الطَّبَرَانِيُّ وَابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَعَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ.
Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) also narrated regarding the same verse: He said: "It refers to a traveler who does not find water, so he performs tayammum and prays." [Narrated by Tabarani, Ibn Abi Shaybah, and Abdul Razzaq]
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: إِنَّ نَاسًا مِنْ أَهْلِ البَادِيَةِ أَتَوْا رَسُولَ اللهِ ، فَقَالُوا: إِنَّا نَكُوْنُ بِالرِّمَالِ الْأَشْهُرَ الثَلَاثَةَ وَالْأَرْبَعَةَ، وَيَكُوْنُ فِيْنَا الْجُنُبُ وَالنُّفَسَاءُ وَالْحَائِضُ، وَلَسْنَا نَجِدُ الْمَاءَ. فَقَالَ: «عَلَيْكُمْ بِالْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ بِيَدِهِ الْأَرْضَ لِوَجْهِهِ ضَرْبَةً وَاحِدَةً، ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ ضَرْبَةً أُخْرَى، فَمَسَحَ بِهَا عَلَى يَدَيْهِ إِلَى الْمِرْفَقَيْنِ. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ وَأَبُوْ يَعْلَى.
Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: A group of people from the desert came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said: "We are often in the desert for three or four months, and some of us are in a state of janabah, menstruation, or post-childbirth bleeding, and we cannot find water." The Prophet ﷺ said: "You should use the earth." Then he struck his hands on the ground once, and then he struck it again, wiping his face with one hand and his arms up to the elbows with the other. [Narrated by Ahmad, Tabarani, and Abu Ya'la]
وَعَنْ جَابِرٍ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجَلٌ فَقَالَ: أَصَابَتْنِي جَنَابَةٌ، وَإِنِّي تَمَعَكْتُ فِي التَّرَابِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ : اضْرِبْ هَكَذَا وَضَرَبَ بِيَدَيْهِ الْأَرْضَ، فَمَسَحَ وَجْهَهُ، ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ بِيَدَيْهِ [فَمَسَحَ بِهِمَا] ۱ إِلَى الْمِرْفَقَيْنِ. رَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ فِي الْمُسْتَدْرَكِ وَقَالَ: إِسْنَادُهُ صَحِيحُ، وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِلْبُخَارِيِّ: «ثُمَّ نَفَضَهُمَا».
Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: A man came and said: "I have been affected by janabah, and I have rubbed myself in the dust." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Strike like this," and he struck his hands on the earth. Then he wiped his face with them and struck again, wiping his hands up to the elbows. 1 [Narrated by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak, and he said the chain of narration is authentic]
In a narration of Bukhari, it mentions: "Then he dusted them off."
Notes / الحواشي
1 In the original text of the author, it says: "He struck his hands up to the elbows."
۱ وفي أصل المؤلف: «ضرب يديه إلى المرفقين».
وَعَنْهُ ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: «التَّيَمُّمُ ضَرْبَةٌ لِلْوَجْهِ، وَضَرْبَةُ لِلذَّرَاعَيْنِ إِلَى الْمِرْفَقَيْنِ. رَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِي، وَقَالَ: رِجَالُهُ كُلُّهُمْ ثِقَاتُ، وَرَوَى الْحَاكِمُ مِثْلَهُ وَقَالَ: صَحِيحُ الْإِسْنَادِ.
Narrated from the Prophet ﷺ: "Tayammum consists of striking the ground for the face, and striking the arms up to the elbows." [Narrated by al-Daraqutni, who said: "All of its narrators are trustworthy,"]
Al-Hakim narrated something similar, saying: "The chain of narration is authentic."
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ : «التَّيَمُّمُ ضَرْبَتَانِ: ضَرْبَةٌ لِلْوَجْهِ، وَضَرْبَةُ لِلْيَدَيْنِ إِلَى الْمِرْفَقَيْنِ». رَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ وَالدَّارَ قُطْنِيُّ وَابْنُ عَدِيٌّ. وَرَوَى الْبَزَّارُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ مَا مِثْلَهُ مَرْفُوعًا.
Narrated from Ibn Umar: The Prophet ﷺ said: "Tayammum consists of two strikes: one for the face and one for the hands up to the elbows." [Narrated by al-Hakim, al-Daraqutni, and Ibn Adi while Al-Bazzar narrated from Aisha something similar]
وَعَنِ الْأَسْلَعِ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: أَرَانِي رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ كَيْفَ أَمْسَحُ، فَضَرَبَ بِكَفِّيْهِ الْأَرْضَ رَفَعَهُمَا لِوَجْهِهِ، ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ ضَرْبَةً أُخْرَى فَمَسَحَ ذِرَاعَيْهِ بَاطِنَهُمَا وَظَاهِرَهُمَا، حَتَّى مَسَّ بِيَدَيْهِ الْمِرْفَقَيْنِ. رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ وَالدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ.
Narrated from al-Asla`i: The Prophet ﷺ showed me how to perform Tayammum. He struck the ground with both hands, raised them to his face, then struck the ground again and wiped his arms, both the inner and outer sides, until he wiped the elbows. [Narrated by al-Bayhaqi, al-Daraqutni, and al-Tabarani]
وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: لَمَّا بَعَثَنِي النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَامَ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ احْتَلَمْتُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ بَارِدَةٍ شَدِيْدَةِ الْبَرْدِ، فَأَشْفَقْتُ إِنِ اغْتَسَلْتُ أَنْ أَهْلِكَ فَتَيَمَّمْتُ، ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ بِأَصْحَابِي الصُّبْحَ.
فَلَمَّا قَدِمْتُ عَلَى رَسُوْلِ اللهِ ﷺ ذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لَهُ، فَقَالَ: «يَا عَمْرُو، صَلَّيْتَ بِأَصْحَابِكَ وَأَنْتَ جُنُبٌ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمْ، يَا رَسُوْلَ اللهِ، إِنِّي احْتَلَمْتُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ بَارِدَةٍ شَدِيدَةِ الْبَرْدِ، فَأَشْفَقْتُ إِنْ اغْتَسَلْتُ أَنْ أَهْلِكَ، وَذَكَرْتُ قَوْلَ اللهِ: ﴿وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ إِنَّ اللهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا فَتَيَمَّمْتُ ثُمَّ صَلَّيْتُ فَضَحِكَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ وَلَمْ يَقُلْ شَيْئًا. رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَأَبُوْ دَاوُدَ وَالْحَاكِمُ وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ وَرَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ نَحْوَهُ.
Narrated from Amr ibn al-As: When the Prophet ﷺ sent me during the year of the chains, I had a wet dream on a very cold night, and I feared that I would perish if I performed ghusl, so I did Tayammum and prayed Fajr with my companions. When I came to the Prophet ﷺ and mentioned this to him, he asked: "O Amr, did you pray with your companions while in a state of Janabah?" I replied: "Yes, O Messenger of Allah, I had a wet dream on a very cold night and feared that I would perish if I performed ghusl, and I remembered Allah's statement: 'And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is ever merciful to you' (Quran 4:29), so I performed Tayammum and prayed." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ laughed but did not say anything. [Narrated by Ahmad, Abu Dawood, al-Hakim, Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, and al-Tabarani]
وَعَنْ عَلى (رضي الله عنه) فِي الرَّجُلِ يَكُونُ فِي السَّفَرِ فَتُصِيبُهُ الْجَنَابَةُ، وَمَعَهُ الْمَاءُ الْقَلِيلِ يَخَافُ أَنْ يَعْطِشَ، قَالَ : يَتَيَمَّمُ وَلَا يَغْتَسِلُ. رَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ.
Narrated from Ali: Regarding a traveler who experiences Janabah and has only a little water, fearing he might get thirsty, he should perform Tayammum and not take a ghusl. [Narrated by al-Daraqutni]
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ: «إِذَا جَاءَتِ الْجَنَازَةُ وَأَنْتَ عَلَى غَيْرِ وُضُوْءٍ فَتَيَمَّمْ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ عَدِيٌّ.
Narrated from Ibn Abbas: The Prophet ﷺ said: "When a funeral procession comes and you are not in a state of Wudu, then perform Tayammum." [Narrated by Ibn Adi]
وَعَنْهُ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: إِذَا خِفْتَ أَنْ تَفُوْتَكَ الْجَنَازَةُ وَأَنْتَ عَلَى غَيْرِ وُضُوْءٍ فَتَيَمَّمْ وَصَلَّ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، وَرِجَالُهُ رِجَالُ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا الْمُغِيرَةُ، وَهُوَ مُحْتَجٌ بِهِ، قَالَهُ الزَّيْلَعِيُّ.
Narrated from Ibn Abbas: "If you fear that you will miss the funeral procession and you are not in a state of Wudu, then perform Tayammum and pray." [Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah, and its narrators are all trustworthy except for al-Mughira, who is disputed but still considered acceptable, as mentioned by al-Zaylai]
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ (رضي الله عنهما): أَنَّهُ أُتِيَ بِجَنَازَةٍ وَهُوَ عَلَى غَيْرِ وُضُوْءٍ، فَتَيَمَّمَ وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهَا. رَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي الْمَعْرَفَةِ».
Narrated from Ibn Umar: A funeral procession was brought to him while he was not in a state of Wudu, so he performed Tayammum and prayed over it. [Narrated by al-Daraqutni and al-Bayhaqi in "al-Ma'rifah]
وَعَنِ الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ: أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنْ الرَّجُلِ فِي الْجَنَازَةِ عَلَى غَيْرِ وُضُوءٍ، فَإِن ذَهَبَ يَتَوَضَّأُ تَفُوْتُهُ؟ قَالَ: يَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي رَوَاهُ سَعِيدُ بْنُ مَنْصُورٍ.
Narrated from al-Hasan al-Basri: He was asked about a person who is present at a funeral while not in a state of Wudu, and if he goes to perform Wudu, the funeral might be missed. He said: "He should perform Tayammum and pray." [Narrated by Sa'id ibn Mansur]
وَعَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ فِي الرَّجُلِ تَفْجَؤُهُ الْجَنَازَةُ وَهُوَ عَلَى غَيْرِ وُضُوءٍ، قَالَ: يَتَيَمَّمُ وَيُصَلِّي عَلَيْهَا. رَوَاهُ الطَّحَاوِيُّ.
Narrated from Ibrahim: If a person is unexpectedly faced with a funeral while not in a state of Wudu, he should perform Tayammum and pray over it. [Narrated by al-Tahawi]
وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ (رضي الله عنها): أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَ إِذَا أَجْنَبَ فَأَرَادَ أَنْ يَنَامَ تَوَضَّأَ أَوْ تَيَمَّمَ. رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ بِإِسْنَادٍ حَسَنٍ.
Narrated from Aisha: When the Prophet ﷺ was in a state of Janabah and wanted to sleep, he would perform Wudu or Tayammum. [Narrated by al-Bayhaqi with a reliable chain of narration]
وَعَنْ أَبِي الْجُهَيْمِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ الصَّمَّةِ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: أَقْبَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِنْ نَحْوِ بِثْرِ جَمَلٍ، فَلَقِيَهُ رَجُلٌ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، فَلَمْ يَرُدَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ حَتَّى أَقْبَلَ عَلَى الْجِدَارِ فَمَسَحَ بِوَجْهِهِ وَيَدَيْهِ، ثُمَّ رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامَ مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ.
قَالَ عُلَمَاؤُنَا: فَيُسْتَفَادُ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثِ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَوْضِعِ يَقُوْتُ فِيْهِ الْأَدَاءُ لَا إِلَى خَلْفٍ، فَإِنَّهُ يَجُوزُ لَهُ التَّيَمُّمُ، كَنَوْمٍ وَسَلَامٍ وَرَدَّهِ وَصَلَاةِ الْجَنَازَةِ وَالْعِيدِ وَالْكُسُوْفِ وَسُنَنٍ رَوَاتِبَ، وَمَا يَفُوْتُ إِلَى خَلْفٍ لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ التَّيَمُّمُ، كَالْجُمُعَةِ.
Narrated from Abu al-Juhaym ibn al-Harith ibn al-Simmah: The Prophet ﷺ was coming from the direction of Bithr Jamal when a man met him and greeted him. The Prophet ﷺ did not respond until he approached the wall, wiped his face and hands on it, and then returned the greeting. [Agreed upon]
Our scholars say that from these narrations, it is understood that Tayammum is permissible in any situation where it is necessary to perform an action that requires purification, but where water is not available, such as for sleeping, greeting, responding to greetings, funeral prayers, Eid prayers, eclipse prayers, and optional prayers. However, it is not permissible for actions that require specific conditions like the Friday prayer (Jumu'ah).
وَعَنْ عَلِىّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدِ الْمَاءَ فَلْيُؤَخِّرِ التَّيَمُّمَ إِلَى الْوَقْتِ الْآخِرَ. رَوَاهُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ.
Narrated from Ali: "If water is not found, then delay performing Tayammum until the last moment." [Narrated by Abdul Razzaq]
وَعَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيَّ (رضي الله عنه) قَالَ: خَرَجَ رَجُلَانِ فِي سَفَرٍ فَحَضَرَتِ الصَّلَاةُ، وَلَيْسَ مَعَهُمَا مَاءُ، فَتَيَمَّمَا صَعِيدًا طَيِّبًا فَصَلَّا ، ثُمَّ وَجَدَا الْمَاءَ فِي الْوَقْتِ، فَأَعَادَ أَحَدُهُمَا الصَّلَاةَ بِوُضُوْءٍ وَلَمْ يُعِدِ الْآخَرُ. ثُمَّ أَتَيَا رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرَا ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ لِلَّذِي۱ لَمْ يُعِدْ: أَصَبْتَ السُّنَّةَ وَأَجْزَأَتْكَ صَلَاتُكَ، وَقَالَ لِلَّذِي تَوَضَّأَ وَأَعَادَ: لَكَ الْأَجْرُ مَرَّتَيْنِ». رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ وَالدَّارِمِيُّ. وَرَوَى النَّسَائِيُّ نَحْوَهُ، وَقَدْ رَوَى هُوَ وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ أَيْضًا عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ مُرْسَلًا.
Narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: Two men went on a journey, and the time for prayer came, but they had no water. So they performed Tayammum with clean earth and prayed. Later, they found water during the time for prayer. One of them repeated the prayer with Wudu, while the other did not repeat it. They then went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and mentioned this to him. He said to the one who did not repeat the prayer: 1 "You have followed the Sunnah, and your prayer suffices you." And he said to the one who performed Wudu and repeated the prayer: "You will receive the reward twice." [Narrated by Abu Dawood and al-Darimi]
Al-Nasa'i narrated something similar, and both he and Abu Dawood also narrated it from Ata' ibn Yasir as a mursal narration.
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement: "For the one who did not repeat [the prayer], etc." – The scholars agree that if one finds water after completing the prayer, there is no need for a repeat of the prayer, even if time for prayer is still remaining. However, there is a difference of opinion regarding what should be done if water is found after one has already started the prayer. The majority hold that the prayer remains valid and should not be interrupted. On the other hand, Abu Hanifa and Ahmad (according to a narration) say that the Tayammum is invalidated. If a person performs Tayammum and then finds water before entering the prayer, the consensus is that their Tayammum becomes invalid. This is mentioned in "al-Mirqat."
۱ قوله : للذي لم يعد إلخ : أجمعوا على أنه إذا رأى الماء بعد فراغه من الصلاة لا إعادة عليه وإن كان الوقت باقيا، واختلفوا فيما إذا وجد الماء بعد دخوله في الصلاة فالجمهور على أنه لا يقطعها وهي صحيحة، وقال أبو حنيفة وأحمد في رواية: يبطل تيممه، أما إذا تيمم ثم وجد الماء قبل دخول الصلاة فالإجماع على بطلان تيممه، كذا في «المرقاة».
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ (رضي الله عنهما) قَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَمْسَحُ عَلَى الْجِبَائِرِ. رَوَاهُ الدَّارَ قُطْنِي.
Narrated Ibn Umar: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to wipe over the bandages. [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni]
وَعَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَلِيَّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، عَنْ عَلِيَّ ابْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ قَالَ: انْكَسَرَتْ إِحْدَى زَنْدَيَّ فَسَأَلَتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَأَمَرَنِي۱ أَنْ أَمْسَحَ عَلَى الْجِبَائِرِ. رَوَاهُ ابْنُ مَاجَهِ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ وَالدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ.
Narrated Zaid bin Ali, from his father, from his grandfather, Al-Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib, from Ali bin Abi Talib: One of my forearms was fractured, and I asked the Prophet ﷺ, and he ordered me to wipe over the bandages. [Narrated by Ibn Majah, Al-Bayhaqi, and Al-Daraqutni]
Notes / الحواشي
1 The statement "He ordered me to wipe over the bandages" indicates that wiping over the bandages is sufficient, and washing the rest of the body with water is not required, according to the opinion of Abu Hanifa. This contrasts with the opinion of Al-Shafi'i, who holds that both wiping and washing the rest of the body with water are necessary. This interpretation is derived from "Al-Mirqat."
۱ قوله: فأمرني أن أمسح على الجبائر : هذا يدل على الاكتفاء بالمسح والغسل، كما هو مذهب أبي حنيفة، دون الجمع بين التيمم وغسل سائر البدن بالماء، كما ذهب إليه الشافعي. أخذته من «المرقاة».
وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُوَانَةَ: تَوَضَّأَ وَكَفَهُ مَعْصُوْبَةٌ ، فَمَسَحَ عَلَيْهَا وَعَلَى الْعِصَابَةِ، وَغَسَلَ سِوَى ذَلِكَ. رَوَاهُ الْمُنْذِرِيُّ.
Narrated by Ibn 'Awana: He performed Wudu while his hand was bandaged. He wiped over the bandage and the bandage itself, and washed the rest of his body. [Narrated by Al-Mundhiri]