بَابُ تَطْهِيرِ النَّجَاسَاتِPurification of Impurities

And the words of Allah, the Almighty: "And purify your garments" (Al-Muddathir: 4), and "From its wool, fur, and hair, as well as its goods until a specified time" (An-Nahl: 80).

Narrated Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him): The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "When a dog licks the vessel of any one of you, he should pour out its contents and wash it three times." [Narrated by Ibn Adi, and Al-Daraqutni narrated something similar from him, with an Marfu' chain]

And from him (Abu Huraira): He said, "When a dog licks a vessel, pour out its contents, then wash it three times." [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni as a mursal (without a direct connection to the Prophet ﷺ)]

And from him (Abu Huraira): That he used to pour out the contents of the vessel when the dog licked it, and then wash it three times. [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni with an authentic chain]

And from Ma'mar: I asked Az-Zuhri about a dog licking a vessel. He said, "It should be washed three times." Narrated by Abd al-Razzaq]

Narrated Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him): I used to stay overnight in the mosque during the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when I was a young unmarried man. Dogs would urinate, come and go in the mosque, and nothing would be sprinkled over it. [Narrated by Abu Dawood, who did not comment on it]

Bukhari also narrated something similar, and Abu Dawood said: "This indicates that the earth is purified when it dries."

Narrated Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah (may Allah be pleased with him): The purification of the earth is when it dries. [Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaibah, and in another narration from Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (may Allah be pleased with him), the same is reported.

Narrated Abu Qilabah (may Allah be pleased with him): The dryness of the earth purifies it. [Narrated by Abd al-Razzaq, and Ibn Abi Shaibah also narrated something similar, and its narrators are trustworthy.

Narrated Asma bint Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with her): A woman asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ: "O Messenger of Allah, what should one of us do if her garment is stained with blood from menstruation?" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ replied, "If one of you is stained with blood from menstruation, she should scrape it off, then wash it with water, and then pray in it." This is agreed upon by Bukhari and Muslim. Ibn Abi Shaibah also narrated in his Musannaf from Sa'id ibn Jubayr: "Some of the mothers of the believers would scrape the blood off their garments with their saliva."

How strange it is that Al-Khattabi and Al-Bayhaqi used this as evidence! Also, the ruling of impurity is lighter than that of ritual impurity, as shown by what has been narrated from Aisha, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, and others, as well as the permissibility of praying with a stone (to remove impurity), even if some traces of impurity remain. In contrast, if a trace of ritual impurity remains on the body, such as a tiny particle that was not washed, the purification is invalid unless it is washed off. So, understand this. This is a brief summary of what was mentioned in "Aujaz al-Masalik," and those who wish for further details should look there.

And from Hasan ibn Ali, may Allah be pleased with them, that he saw blood on his shirt, so he spat on it, then rubbed it. It has also been narrated from Umar and Maymun ibn Mehran in a similar manner. Al-Bukhari narrated in the chapter "Can a woman pray in the garment she menstruates in?" from Aisha, who said: "None of us had more than one garment in which we menstruated. When it got stained with blood, she would, meaning she did it, with her saliva, rub it off with her fingernail. And it is narrated that she would wipe it off."

And from Umm Salama, a woman said to her: "I drag my garment and walk in a dirty place." She (Umm Salama) said: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, 'What follows will purify it.'" [Narrated by Malik, Shafi'i, Ahmad, Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, and Darimi]

The woman was the mother of Ibrahim ibn Abdul Rahman ibn Awf.

Narrated Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him): The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "If one of you steps on impurity with his sandal, then dust (or earth) is its purification." [Narrated by Abu Dawood with a Sahih chain of narration, and a similar narration is found in Ibn Majah. [Narrated by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak, who said: "This hadith is authentic according to the criteria of Muslim."]

Narrated Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him): The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "When one of you comes to the mosque, let him look. If he sees impurity or filth on his sandals, let him wipe it off and pray in them." [Narrated by Abu Dawood, and a similar narration is found in Ibn Hibban and Al-Hakim]

Narrated Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him): The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "If one of you steps on impurity with his sandals or shoes, then their purification is in the dust (or earth)." [Narrated by At-Tahawi and Ibn Khuzayma]

Narrated Yahya ibn Wahab: Ibn Abbas was asked about someone who went out to pray and stepped on filth. He said: "If it was wet, he should wash what it touched, and if it was dry, it will not harm him." [Narrated by Ibn Abi Shayba, and its narrators are the narrators of Sahih]

Narrated by Al-Aswad and Humam from Aisha (may Allah be pleased with him): She said, "I used to scrape semen off the clothes of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)." [Narrated by Muslim and our Imam Abu Hanifa]

In a narration from Alqama and Al-Aswad, and our Imam Abu Hanifa from Aisha (may Allah be pleased with him), it is mentioned similarly, and it includes: "Then he would pray in them."

Al-Tahawi said: "There is no evidence in this for the purification of semen in our view. It may be that she did this to purify the garment, but semen itself is impure, as is narrated regarding what happens to sandals and shoes when they step on impurity, for dust is sufficient for purifying them. There is no evidence here proving the purification of the impurity itself. Similarly, what is narrated regarding semen might be understood in the same way; the garment becomes clean when it is scraped off, but semen is still impure in itself, just as the impurity in the sandal is removed with dust, while it remains impure in itself."

Narrated Aisha (may Allah be pleased with him): She said, "I used to scrape the semen off the clothes of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) when it was dry, and I would wash it when it was wet." [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni, Al-Bayhaqi, Al-Tahawi, and Abu Awana in his Sahih]

Al-Naymuwi said: "Its chain of narration is authentic."

Narrated by Ammar bin Yasir (may Allah be pleased with him): He said: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) came to me while I was on a donkey, drawing water into a container. He said: 'O Ammar, what are you doing?' I replied: 'O Messenger of Allah, may my father and mother be sacrificed for you, I am washing my garment from sputum that has stained it.' He said: 'O Ammar, garments are only washed from five things: from excrement, urine, vomit, blood, and semen. O Ammar, your sputum, your tears, and the water in your container are all the same.'" [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni]

Narrated from Sulaiman bin Yasaar: I asked Aisha about semen that touches the garment, and she said: "I used to wash it from the Prophet's garment, and he would go out for prayer, with the mark of washing on his garment." This is agreed upon by both Bukhari and Muslim.

Narrated from Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan: He asked Umm Habiba, the wife of the Prophet: "Did the Messenger of Allah ﷺ pray in the garment in which he had sexual relations?" She replied: "Yes, if there was no impurity in it." [Narrated by Al-Nasa'i and Abu Dawood, and its chain is authentic]

And Ibn al-Malik and Sheikh Abdul Haqq said: "These hadiths are evidence for the impurity of semen, as is the position of Imam Abu Hanifa." Also, the moisture of a woman's private part is impure, as it is mixed with the impure semen, as stated in the commentary of "Ihya' al-Sunan."

Narrated from Aisha: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was brought a child who urinated on his garment. He called for water and poured it over it. [Narrated by Bukhari, Al-Nasa'i, and Muhammad]

Al-Tahawi narrated something similar and said: "The ruling of pouring water is the same as washing; do you not see that if a man’s garment touches filth and he follows it with water until it is washed away, his garment has become purified?"

Narrated from Aisha: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was brought a child who was nursing, and the child urinated in his lap. He called for water and poured it over it. [Narrated by Muslim]

Narrated from Aisha: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to be brought children and would pray for them. Once a child was brought, and he urinated on him. He said: "Pour water over him." [Narrated by Al-Tahawi, and its chain is authentic]

Narrated from Abu Layla: He was with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and on his abdomen was either Hasan or Husayn. The child urinated, and I saw his urine on the abdomen of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. We rushed to him, and he said: "Leave my son, and do not scare him." Then he called for water and poured it over him. [Narrated by Ahmad, and Al-Tahawi narrated something similar]

Narrated from Simak bin Harb: Umm al-Fadl said: "O Messenger of Allah, I saw a part of your body in my house." He replied: "Fatimah will give birth to a boy, and you will nurse him with Qutham’s milk." She gave birth to Husayn, and I took him. While he was kissing him, he urinated on him. I pinched him, and he cried. He then said: "You have hurt me in my son," and then he brought water and poured it over him. [Narrated by Ahmad, and Al-Tahawi narrated something similar]

Narrated from Ahshan, from his mother: She saw Umm Salama pouring water over the urine of a child who had not yet eaten. When the child ate, she washed him. She used to wash the urine of a female child. [Narrated by Abu Dawood]

Narrated from Abdullah bin Hakim: We received a letter from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ stating: "Do not benefit from the dead body by using its skin or tendons." [Narrated by Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Al-Nasa'i, Ibn Majah, and Al-Tahawi]

Al-Bayhaqi said: "This indicates a prohibition on benefiting from the skin of a dead animal before it is tanned." Ibn Hibban also mentioned this in his Sahih. And in Sunan Abu Dawood, it was stated by Al-Nadr bin Shumayl: "It is called ‘Ihab’ before tanning, and after tanning, it is no longer called ‘Ihab’; it is referred to as a skin or a vessel."

From Sawda, the wife of the Prophet (peace be upon him): She said, "A sheep died for us, and we tanned its skin. Then we continued to use it until it became a leather bag." [Narrated by Bukhari. Imam Abu Hanifa and Tahaawi narrated a similar report]

From Abdullah bin Abbas: He said, "I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: 'When the skin of a dead animal is tanned, it becomes pure.'" [Narrated by Muslim and Muhammad, and Tahaawi narrated a similar report]

From Aisha: She said, "The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) ordered that the skins of dead animals be used after they are tanned." Narrated by Malik, Abu Dawood, and Muhammad]

From Salama bin al-Muhabbik: He said, "The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) came to a house during the campaign of Tabuk, and there was a water-skin hanging. He asked about it, and they told him, 'It is from a dead animal.' He replied, 'Its tanning purifies it.'" [Narrated by Ahmad, Abu Dawood, and Tahaawi, and its chain is authentic according to the summary]

From Ibn Abbas: He said, "The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: 'Any skin that is tanned becomes pure.'" [Narrated by Imam Abu Hanifa, Tirmidhi, Tahaawi, and Ibn Majah]

From Ibn Abbas: He said, "A sheep died for Sawda bint Zam'a, and she said, 'O Messenger of Allah, a certain sheep has died.' He replied, 'Why didn’t you take its skin?' She said, 'Can we take the skin of a dead sheep?' The Prophet ﷺ said, 'Indeed, Allah said: 'Say, "I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden for a person who would eat it" (Al-An'am: 145). There is no harm in tanning it and benefiting from it.' So, she sent for the skin, and it was peeled, tanned, and made into a water-skin until it tore.' [Narrated by Tahawi and Ahmad with an authentic chain]

From Maymuna: She said, "Some men from Quraysh passed by the Prophet ﷺ, dragging a sheep behind them like a donkey. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to them, 'Why don’t you take its skin?' They replied, 'It is a dead animal.' The Prophet ﷺ said, 'Water and tara' (a type of plant) purify it.' [Narrated by Ahmad, Abu Dawood, and Tahawi]

From Aisha: She said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, 'You may benefit from the skins of dead animals once they are tanned, whether it is earth, ash, salt, or whatever it is that makes it suitable for use.'" [Narrated by Darqutni]

Ibrahim said: "Everything that prevents the skin from decay is considered tanning." [Narrated by Muhammad in Al-Athar]

Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ only prohibited the meat of the dead animal, but the skin, hair, and wool are permissible." [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni]

Abdullah said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: 'Say: I do not find anything in what has been revealed to me that is prohibited for a person who eats it.'" (Al-An'am: 145). And he said, "Everything from the dead animal is permissible except what has been eaten. As for the skin, horns, hair, wool, teeth, and bones, all are permissible because they are not slaughtered." [Narrated by Al-Daraqutni]

Anas said: "The Prophet ﷺ used to comb his hair with a comb made of ivory." [Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi]

He also said: "When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ threw the stones, he slaughtered his sacrifice, then handed over the right side to the creator and shaved it. Then he gave it to Abu Talha, then handed over the left side and shaved it. He said: 'Distribute it among the people.'" [Narrated by Al-Tirmidhi]

The author of Al-Inayah and Ali al-Qari said: "This is evidence for the purity of human hair."

Al-Miqdam ibn Ma'dikarb said: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ prohibited wearing the skins of wild animals and riding on them." [Narrated by Abu Dawood and Al-Nasa'i]

Imam Abu Hanifa's opinion on wearing the skins of wild animals, including fox fur, is based on the view that such skins, when tanned, are not impure. In his view, the purification of the animal is achieved by its slaughter, and the tanning process can be regarded as a form of ritual purification. He also mentioned that the skins of all wild animals, once properly tanned, may be used to make items like saddles or prayer mats.

This is stated in Al-Mabsoot and Al-Muhit by Imam Abu Hanifa.

From Abu al-Malih ibn Usama, from his father, from the Prophet ﷺ: "He prohibited the skins of wild animals." [Narrated by Ahmad, Abu Dawood, and al-Nasa'i]

Additionally, al-Tirmidhi and al-Darimi added: "to be used as a surface to sit on."

From Abu al-Malih: He disliked the price of the skins of wild animals. [Narrated by al-Tirmidhi]

Narrated by Jabir: He did not see any harm in the skins of wild animals if they were tanned.

Narrated by Urwah ibn al-Zubayr: He had a saddle made of leopard skin.

Narrated by Yahya ibn Atiq: I saw Al-Hasan al-Basri on a saddle made of leopard skin, and I saw Muhammad ibn Sirin on a saddle made of leopard skin. These three narrations were [Narrated by Al-Tahawi in Mushkil al-Athar]

Narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas'ud: We used to pray with the Messenger of Allah, and we did not perform ablution from the soil. [Narrated by Al-Tirmidhi]

Ali al-Qari said that this indicates that the mud of the street is excused due to the widespread difficulty.

Narrated by Abu Huraira: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Avoid urine, for most of the punishment in the grave is due to it." [Narrated by Al-Hakim and he said it is authentic according to their conditions. Al-Bazzar narrated something similar, and Al-Daraqutni also narrated it and said it is authentic.

In a narration by Al-Hakim: When the Prophet ﷺ finished burying a righteous companion who was afflicted with the punishment of the grave, he came to his wife and asked her about his deeds. She said, "He used to tend to the sheep and did not purify himself from his urine." At that moment, the Prophet ﷺ said: "Avoid urine, for most of the punishment in the grave is due to it." Al-Hakim stated: "This hadith is authentic, and the scholars of hadith agree on its authenticity."

And from Al-Hasan: He disliked the urine of camels, cattle, and sheep. [Narrated by Al-Tahawi]

In another narration from him, from Abu Al-Ahwas, it is said that Abdullah (Ibn Mas'ud) said: "Allah would not place healing in something impure or in something that is forbidden."