Zujājat al-Maṣābīḥ
Jihad

بَابُ الْكِتَابِ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ وَدُعَائِهِمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِWriting to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam

4166

Hadith 4166

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسِ رضي الله عنه أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَتَبَ٣ إِلَى قَيْصَرَ يَدْعُوهُ إِلَىالْإِسْلَامِ،وَبَعَثَ بِكِتَابِهِ إِلَيْهِ مَعَ دِحْيَةَ الْكُلِيَّ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَدْفَعَهُ إِلَى قَيْصَرَ، فَإِذَا فِيْهِ: بِسمِ اللهِالرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدِ اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى هِرَقْلَ عَظِيمِ الرُّومِ، سَلَامٌ عَلَى مَنْ اتَّبَعَالْهُدَى. أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنِّي أَدْعُوكَ بِدِعَايَةِ الْإِسْلَامِ، أَسْلِمْ تَسْلَمْ، وَأَسْلِمْ يُؤْتِكَ اللهُ أَجْرَكَمَرَّتَيْنِ، فَإِنْ تَوَلَيْتَ فَإِنَّ عَلَيْكَ إِثْمَ الْأَرِيسِيِّنَ وَ﴿يَأَهْلَ الْكِتَبِ تَعَالَوْ إِلَى كَلِمَةٍ سَوَآءٍبَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمْ أَلَّا نَعْبُدَ إِلَّا اللهَ وَلَا نُشْرِكَ بِهِ، شَيْئًا وَلَا يَتَّخِذَ بَعْضُنَا بَعْضًا أَرْبَابًا مِّندُونِ اللّهَّ فَإِن تَوَلَّوْاْ فَقُولُوْ آَشْهَدُواْ بِأَنَّا مُسْلِمُونَ َ﴾. مُتَّفَقُّ عَلَيْهِ.

وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لِمُسْلِمٍ: (قَالَ: مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللهِ، وَقَالَ: إِثْمَ الْيَرِيسِيِّيْنَ، وَقَالَ: بِدِعَايَةِالْإِسْلَامِ).

English

Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) narrated: The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote 3 to Caesar, inviting him to Islam, and sent his letter with Dihyah al-Kalbi, instructing him to deliver it to Caesar. The letter read: "In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From Muhammad, the servant of Allah and His Messenger, to Heraclius, the great leader of the Romans. Peace be upon those who follow guidance. To proceed: I invite you with the call of Islam. Embrace Islam, and you will be safe. Embrace Islam, and Allah will grant you your reward twice over. But if you turn away, the sin of the Arisiyyin (peasants/subjects) will be upon you. ‘O People of the Scripture, come to a word that is equitable between us and you, that we will not worship except Allah and not associate anything with Him, and not take one another as lords instead of Allah.’ But if they turn away, then say, ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims’ [Qur’an 3:64]." [Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim]

In a narration by Muslim: It said"From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah," and "the sin of the Yarisiyyin," and "with the call of Islam."

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

3 The statement: "wrote to Caesar, etc.": In (Al-Mirqat), Al-Nawawi said: This letter contains several principles and benefits. Among them: His saying, "Peace be upon those who follow guidance," supports the view of Shafi‘i and most of his followers that a disbeliever should not be greeted with salam first. I say: I do not think there is any disagreement on this. Another benefit: Inviting disbelievers to Islam before fighting them is obligatory, and fighting them beforehand is forbidden if they have not been reached by the call to Islam. I say: Ibn al-Humam, one of our scholars, mentioned this, stating that if the call has reached them, it is not obligatory but recommended. Al-Nawawi added: Another benefit is the obligation to act upon the report of a single narrator, as he sent it with Dihyah al-Kalbi alone. Another: It is recommended to begin speech with the Bismillah, even when addressing a disbeliever. Another: It is permissible to travel to enemy territory with one or two verses or the like, and the prohibition of traveling with the Qur’an applies when there is fear of it falling into disbelievers’ hands. It is also permissible for someone in a state of minor impurity or a disbeliever to touch a verse or a few verses alongside other text. I say: This assumes the phrase "come to" refers to the Qur’anic text, but it appears to be a paraphrase, not a recitation, as evidenced by omitting "say" from the verse’s beginning. Another benefit: The Sunnah in correspondence is to begin with oneself, saying, "From Zaid to Amr," whether in the letter’s opening or address, as Allah said: Indeed, it is from Solomon, and it is: In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful [Qur’an 27:30]. Another: He said, "leader of the Romans." Another: It is recommended to use eloquence, brevity, and dignified language, as his words (ﷺ) are profoundly concise, eloquent, and comprehensive, with excellent wordplay. His saying "embrace Islam, and you will be safe" encompasses safety from worldly disgrace through war, captivity, death, and loss of homes and wealth, as well as safety from the Hereafter’s punishment. Another: Those who cause misguidance or prevent guidance bear greater sin, as Allah said: And they will surely carry their [own] burdens and [other] burdens along with their burdens [Qur’an 29:13]. Another: It is recommended to use "to proceed" (amma ba‘d) in speeches and letters.

الحواشي

٣ قوله: كتب إلى قيصر إلخ: وقال في (المرقاة): قال النووي: وفي هذا الكتاب جمل من القواعد وأنواع من الفوائد.منها: قوله: (سلام على من اتبع الهدى) فيه دليل لمذهب الشافعي، وجمهور أصحابه أن الكافر لا يبدأ بالسلام. قلت:ما أظن فيه خلافاً. ومنها: دعاء الكفار إلى الإسلام قبل قتالههم، وهو واجب، والقتال قبله حرام، إن لم تكن بلغتهمدعوة الإسلام. قلت: وكذا ذكره ابن الهمام من أئمتنا، وقال: فإذا كانت بلغتهم لا تجب، ولكن يستحب، انتهى. وقالالنووي: ومنها: وجوب العمل بخبر الواحد؛ لأنه بعثه مع دحية الكلبي وحده، ومنها: استحباب تصدير الكلامبالبسملة، وإن كان المبعوث إليه كافرًا، ومنها: جواز المسافرة إلى أرض العدو بآية أو آيتين ونحوهما، والنهي عنالمسافرة بالقرآن محمول على ما إذا خيف وقوعه في أيدي الكفار، وجواز مس المحدث والكافر آية أو آيات يسيرةمع غير القرآن. قلت: هذا كله مبني على أنه قصد بقوله: تعالوا لفظ القرآن، والظاهر أن هذا نقل بالمعنى، ولميقصد التلاوة بدليل حذف قل من أول الآية: ومنها: أن السنة في المكاتبة بين الناس أن يبدأ بنفسه، فيقول: من زيدإلى عمرو، سواء فيه تصدير الكتاب به أو العنوان، قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّهُ مِن سُلَيْمَنَ وَإِنَّهُ بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴾يقل: (ملك الروم). ومنها: استحباب استعمال البلاغة والإيجاز وتحري الألفاظ الجزلة، فإن قوله ﷺ في غاية الإيجازوالبلاغة وجمع المعاني مع ما فيه من بديع التجنيس، فإن تسلم شامل لسلامته من خزي الدنيا بالحرب والسبيوالقتل وأخذ الديار والأموال ومن عذاب الآخرة، ومنها: أن من كان سبب ضلال، ومنع هداية كان أكثر إثما، قالتعالى: ﴿وَلَيَحْمِلُنَّ أَثْقَالَهُمْ وَأَثْقَالَا مَّعَ أَثْقَالِهِمَّ﴾ (العنكبوت: ١٣)، ومنها: استحباب أما بعد في الخطابوالمكاتبات.

Cross-references
BukhariMuslim
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
4167

Hadith 4167

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْهُ أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ بَعَثَ١ بِكِتَابِهِ إِلَى كِسْرَى مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِحُذَافَةَ السَّهْميِّ، فَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَدْفَعَهُ إِلَى عَظِيمِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، فَدَفَعَهُ عَظِيمُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ إِلَىكِسْرَى، فَلَمَّا قَرَأَهُ مَزَّقَهُ، قَالَ ابْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ: فَدَعَا عَلَيْهِمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ أَنْ يُمَزَّقُوا كُلَّمُمَزَّقٍ. رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ.

English

From the same (may Allah be pleased with them both), he narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent 1 his letter to Kisra with Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi, instructing him to deliver it to the governor of Bahrain, who then delivered it to Kisra. When Kisra read it, he tore it up. Ibn al-Musayyab said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prayed against them that they be torn apart completely. [Narrated by Bukhari]

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

1 The statement: "sent his letter to Kisra with Abdullah ibn Hudhafah, etc.": In (‘Umdat al-Qari), in the chapter on scholars sending knowledge to other lands: It indicates that one person is sufficient to carry a ruler’s letter to another ruler, and it is not a condition that two witnesses carry it, as judges do today, as stated by Ibn Battal. I say: They required two witnesses due to the corruption that has spread among people, as a precaution to protect lives, honor, and property. I say: There is a clear difference between this letter and a judge’s letter to another judge, as the latter is binding and requires evidence to establish its obligation, unlike this letter, which is not binding, as Kisra had a choice, similar to a letter of safe-conduct from the people of war. The leader has the choice to grant safety or not, so evidence is not required. This is understood from (Al-Hidayah) and its commentaries.

الحواشي

١ قوله: بعث كتابه إلى كسرى مع عبد الله بن حذافة إلخ: وقال في (عمدة القاري) في باب كتاب أهل العلم بالعلم إلىالبلدان: فيه أن الرجل الواحد يجزئ في حمل كتاب الحاكم إلى الحاكم، وليس من شرطه أن يحمله شاهدان كما تصنعالقُضاة اليوم، قاله ابن بطال. قلت: إنما حملوا على شاهدين لما دخل على الناس من الفساد، فاحتيط لتحصين الدماء،والفروج والأموال بشاهدين، انتهى. قلت: بين هذا الكاتب وبين كتاب القاضي إلى القاضي فرق ظاهر؛ لأن كتابالقاضي إلى القاضي ملزم فلا بُدَّ للملزم من اشتراط البينة حتى يثبت به كونه ملزما بخلاف هذا الكتاب؛لأنه ليس بملزم؛ لأن الكسرى بالخيار ككتاب الاستثمان من أهل الحرب؛ لأن الإمام بالخيار إن شاء أعطاه الأمان،وإن شاء لم يعطه، فلا يشترط البينة، هذا يفهم من (الهداية) وشروحه.

Cross-references
Bukhari
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
The Six Books
Other collections
4168

Hadith 4168

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ أَنَسِ رضي الله عنه ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَتَبَ إِلَى كِسْرَى وَإِلَى قَيْصَرَ وَإِلَى النَّجَاشِيِّوَإِلَى كُلّ جَبَّارٍ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى اللهِ، وَلَيْسَ بِالتَّجَاشِيِّ الَّذِي صَلَى عَلَيْهِ التَّبِيُّ ﷺ. رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ.

English

Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Prophet (ﷺ) wrote to Kisra, Caesar, the Negus, and every tyrant, inviting them to Allah. This was not the Negus whom the Prophet (ﷺ) prayed over. [Narrated by Muslim]

Cross-references
Muslim
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
Other collections
4169

Hadith 4169

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ أَبِيْ وَائِلٍ رضی اللہ عنه قَالَ: كَتَبَ خَالِدُ بِن الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أَهْلِ فَارِسَ: بِسْمِ اللهِالرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، مِنْ خَالِدِ بنِ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى رُسْتُمَ ومِهْرَانَ وَمَلَاٍ فَارِسَ، سَلامٌ عَلَى مَنِ اتَّبَعَالْهُدَى. أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّا تَدْعُوَكُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَإِنْ أَبَيْتُمْ فَأَعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَأَنْتُمْصَاغِرُونَ، فَإِنَّ مَعِي قَوْمًا يُحِبُّونَ الْقَتْلَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ كَمَا يُحِبُّ فَارِسُ الْخَمْرَ، وَالسَّلامُعَلَى مَنِ اتَّبَعَ الْهُدَى. رَوَاهُ فِي (شَرْحِ السُّنَّةِ)

English

Abu Wa’il (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: Khalid ibn al-Walid wrote to the people of Persia: "In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From Khalid ibn al-Walid to Rustum, Mihran, and the nobles of Persia. Peace be upon those who follow guidance. To proceed: We invite you to Islam. If you refuse, then pay the jizyah in submission while you are humbled. I have with me people who love death in the way of Allah as much as the Persians love wine. Peace be upon those who follow guidance." [Narrated in Sharh as-Sunnah]

Cross-references
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
Other collections
4170

Hadith 4170

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةً عَنْ أَبِيْهِ رضي الله عنه قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ ﷺ إِذَا أَمَّرَأَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْ سَرِيَّةٍ أَوْصَاهُ فِي خَاصَّتِهِ بِتَقْوَى اللهِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْرًا، ثُمَّقَالَ: (اغْزُوا بِاسْمِ اللهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، قَاتِلُوا مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ، اغْزُوا وَلَا تَغُلُّوا، وَلَا تَغْدِرُواوَلَا تَمْثُلُوا، وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا وَلِيدًا، وَإِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى ثَلَاثِخِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلَالٍ، فَأَيَّتُهُنَّ مَا أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ، وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ،فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَی دَارِالْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ إِنْ فَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ فَلَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَىالْمُهَاجِرِينَ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا أَنْ يَتَحَوَّلُوا مِنْهَا فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ يَكُونُونَ كَأَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ،يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللهِ الَّذِي يَجْرِي عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلَا يَكُونُ١ لَهُمْ فِي الْغَنِيمَةِ وَالْفَيْءِشَيْءٌّ، إِلَّا أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَسَلْهُمْ ٢ الْجِزْيَةَ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَجَابُوكَفَاقْبَلْ مِنْهُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْهُمْ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَاسْتَعِنْ بِاللهِ وَقَاتِلْهُمْ، وَإِذَا حَاصَرْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍفَأَرَادُوكَ أَنْ تَجْعَلَ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللّهِ وَذِمَّةَ نَبِّیهِ، فَلَا تَجْعَلْ ٣ لَهُمْ ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَلَا ذِمَّةَ نَبِيِّهِ،وَلَكِنْ اجْعَلْ لَهُمْ ذِمَّتَكَ وَذِمَّةَ أَصْحَابِكَ، فَإِنَّكُمْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَمَكُمْ وَذِمَمَ أَصْحَابِكُمْأَهْوَنُ مِنْ أَنْ تُخْفِرُوا ذِمَّةَ اللهِ وَذِمَّةَ رَسُولِهِ، وَإِذَا حَاصَرْتَ أَهْلَ حِصْنٍ فَأَرَادُوكَ أَنْ تُنْزِلَهُمْعَلَى حُكْمِ اللهِ فَلَا تُنْزِلُهُمْ عَلَى حكُمِ اللهِ، وَلَكِنْ أَنْزِلْهُمْ عَلَى حُكْمِكَ؛ فَإِنَّكَ لَا تَدْرِيأَتْصِيبُ حُكْمَ اللهِ فِيهِمْ أَمْ لَا). رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ.

وَقُلْنَا: قَوْلُهُ :( وَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُمْ فِي الْغَنِيمَةِ وَالْفَيْءِ شَيْءٌ) مَنْسُوْخُ عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ ، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ فِي أَوَائِلِ الْإِسْلَامِ. وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ ابْنُ الْهُمَامِ: قَوْلَهُ : (فَسَلْهُمْالْجِزْيَةَ) أَيْ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُوْنُوْا مُرْتَدِّيْنَ وَلَا مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ، فَإِنَّ هَؤُلَاءٍ لَا يُقْبَلُ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّاالْإِسْلَامُ أَوْ السَّيْفُ.

English

Sulayman ibn Buraydah, from his father (may Allah be pleased with him), narrated: Whenever the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) appointed a commander over an army or detachment, he would advise him personally to fear Allah and to treat the Muslims with him well. Then he would say: "Fight in the name of Allah, in the way of Allah. Fight those who disbelieve in Allah. Fight, but do not embezzle, betray, mutilate, or kill children. When you meet your enemy among the polytheists, invite them to three options. Whichever they accept, accept it from them and refrain from fighting them. Invite them to Islam; if they accept, accept it and refrain from fighting them. Then invite them to migrate from their land to the land of the emigrants, and inform them that if they do so, they will have the rights and duties of the emigrants. If they refuse to migrate, inform them they will be like the Bedouin Muslims, subject to Allah’s rulings that apply to the believers, but 1 they will have no share in the spoils or fay’ unless they fight alongside the Muslims. If they refuse, ask 2 for the jizyah. If they accept, accept it and refrain from fighting them. If they refuse, seek Allah’s help and fight them. If you besiege a fortress and they ask for the protection of Allah and His Prophet, do not 3 grant them the protection of Allah or His Prophet, but grant them your protection and that of your companions, for breaking your own protection and that of your companions is less severe than breaking the protection of Allah and His Prophet. If you besiege a fortress and they ask to be judged by Allah’s ruling, do not judge them by Allah’s ruling but by your own, for you do not know if you will attain Allah’s true ruling concerning them." [Narrated by Muslim]

We say: The statement: "they will have no share in the spoils or fay’" is abrogated according to Abu Hanifah, as it applied only in the early days of Islam. Shaykh Ibn al-Humam said: The statement: "ask for the jizyah" means if they are not apostates or Arab polytheists, for these are only given the choice of Islam or the sword.

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

1 The statement: "they will have no share in the spoils or fay’, etc.": The Hadith contains benefits, including that the fay’ and spoils are not given to the Bedouins who did not migrate, who were poor and needy, and zakat is not given to those entitled to fay’ and spoils. Shafi‘i distinguished between fay’/spoils and zakat, saying the Bedouins have a right to the latter but not the former. Malik and Abu Hanifah saw no distinction, allowing each to be used for the other’s purpose. The statement (ﷺ): "they will have no share in the spoils or fay’" is abrogated and applied only in early Islam. Cited from (Al-Mirqat) and (Nayl al-Awtar). 2 The statement: "ask for the jizyah": This Hadith is used by Malik, Al-Awza‘i, and those who agree with them to permit taking jizyah from all disbelievers, whether belligerent or non-Arab, People of the Book or otherwise. Shafi‘i said only the People of the Book and Magians are spared, whether Arab or non-Arab. Abu Hanifah said jizyah is taken from all disbelievers except Arab polytheists and their Magians. Ibn al-Humam said: The statement (ﷺ): "the jizyah" means if they are not apostates or Arab polytheists, for these are given only Islam or the sword, as will be clarified. Cited from (Al-Mirqat) and (Nayl al-Awtar). 3 The statement: "do not grant them the protection of Allah, etc.": Al-Nawawi said: This is a prohibition of disapproval, as some, like Bedouins or common soldiers, may not recognize its sanctity and violate it. Similarly, "do not judge them by Allah’s ruling" is a prohibition of disapproval. It supports those who say not every mujtahid is correct; the correct one is the one aligned with Allah’s true ruling. Those who say every mujtahid is correct interpret the statement: "for you do not know if you will attain Allah’s ruling" as meaning you cannot be certain a revelation will not come contradicting your judgment, as the Prophet (ﷺ) said in the Hadith of Abu Sa‘id regarding Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh’s judgment on Banu Qurayzah: "You have judged them with Allah’s ruling." This possibility ceased after the Prophet (ﷺ), so every mujtahid is correct. This is the view of the Mu‘tazilah and some Ahl as-Sunnah, meaning the Ash‘aris. As stated in (Al-Mirqat).

الحواشي

١ قوله: ولا يكون لهم في الغنيمة والفيء شيء إلخ: في الحديث فوائد، منها: أنه لا يعطى الفيء والغنيمة لأهلالصدقات من هؤلاء الأعراب الذين لم يتحولوا، وكانوا فقراء مساكن، ولا تعطى الصدقات لأهل الفيء والغنيمة،وبه قال الشافعي، وفَرَّق بين مال الفيء، والغنيمة وبين مال الزكاة، وقال: إن للأعراب حقا في الثاني دون الأول،وذهب مالك وأبو حنيفة إلى عدم الفرق بينهما، وأنه يجوز صرف كل واحد منهما في مصرف الآخر، وقوله ﷺ: (ولايكون لهم في الغنيمة والفيء شيء) منسوخ، وإنما كان في أوائل الإسلام. التقطته من (المرقاة) و(نيل الأوطار)۔

٢ قوله: فسلهم الجرية: والحديث مما يستدل به مالك والأوزاعي، ومن وافقهما على جواز أخذ الجزية من كل كافر،حربيًا كان أو عجميًا، كتابيا أو غير كتابي. وقال الشافعي: لا يقتل إلا من أهل الكتاب والمجوس، أعرابًا كانوا أوأعاجمَ. وقال أبو حنيفة: تؤخذ الجزية من جميع الكفار إلا من مشركي العرب ومجوسهم. وقال ابن الهمام: قوله ﷺ:(الجزية) يعني إن لم يكونوا مرتدين ولا مشركي العرب؛ فإن هؤلاء لا يُقبَل منهم إلا الإسلام أو السيف علىسيتضح، (المرقاة) و(نيل الأوطار) ملتقط منهما.

٣ قوله: فلا تجعل لهم ذمة الله إلخ: قال النووي: فيه نهي تنزيه؛ فإنه قد ينقضها من لا يعرف حقها، ونتهك حرمتها بعضالأعراب وسواد الجيش، وكذا قوله: (فلا تنزلهم على حكم الله) نهي تنزيه، وفيه حجة لمن يقول: ليس كل مجتهد مصيبًا،بل المصيب واحد، وهو الحق لحكم الله في نفس الأمر، ومن يقول: إن كل مجتهد مصيب يقول معنى قوله: (فإنك لاتدري أتصيب حكم الله بهم): أنك لا تأمن أن ينزل علي وحي، بخلاف ما حكمت، كما قال ﷺ في حديث أبي سعيد منتحكيم سعد بن معاذ في بني قريظة: (لقد حكمت فيهم بحكم الله). وهذا المعنى منتف بعد النبي ﷺ، فيكون كل مجتهدمصيبًا. وهو مذهب المعتزلة وبعض أهل السنة، يعني الأشاعرة. كذا في (المرقاة)

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Hadith 4171

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ أَبِيْ أَوْفَى رضي الله عنه أَنَّ رَسُوْلَ اللهِ ﷺ فِي بَعْضِ أَيَّامِهِ الَّتِيلَقِيَ فِيهَا الْعَدُوَّ انْتَظَرَ حَقَّى مَالَتْ الشَّمْسُ، ثُمَّ قَامَ فِي النَّاسِ فَقَالَ: (أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، لَاتَمَنَّوْا لِقَاءَ الْعَدُوِّ وَسَلُوا اللهَ الْعَافِيَةَ، فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُوهُمْ فَاصْبِرُوا، وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ الْجَنَّةَ تَحْتَظِلَالِ السُّيُوفِ)، ثُمَّ قَالَ: (اللُّهُمَّ مُنْزِلَ الْكِتَابِ وَمُجْرِيَ السَّحَابِ وَهَازِمَ الْأَحْزَابِاهْزِمْهُمْ وَانْصُرْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ). مُتَّفَقُّ عَلَيْهِ.

English

Abdullah ibn Abi Awfa (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: On one of the days the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) faced the enemy, he waited until the sun tilted, then stood among the people and said: "O people, do not wish to meet the enemy and ask Allah for safety. But if you meet them, be patient, and know that Paradise is under the shade of swords." Then he said: "O Allah, Revealer of the Book, Mover of the clouds, Defeater of the confederates, defeat them and grant us victory over them." [Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim]

Cross-references
BukhariMuslim
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
4172

Hadith 4172

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ النُّعْمَانِ ابْنِ مقرن رضى الله عنه ، قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ الْقِتَالَ مَعَ رَسُوْلِ اللهِ ﷺ فَكَّانَإِذَا لَمْ يُقَاتِلِ الْقِتَالَ فِي أَوَّلِ الَّهَارِ انْتَظَرَ حَتّى تَهُبَّ الْأَرْوَاحُ وَتَحْضُرَ الصَّلَاۃ، رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ.

English

Nu‘man ibn Muqarrin (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: I witnessed fighting with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). If he did not fight at the beginning of the day, he would wait until the breezes blew and the prayer time arrived. [Narrated by Bukhari]

Cross-references
Bukhari
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
Other collections
4173

Hadith 4173

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْهُ رضي الله عنه قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ ﷺ ، فَكَانَ إِذَا لَمْ يُقَاتِلُ أَوَّلَ النَّهَارِانْتَظَرَ حَتى تَزُولَ الشَّمْسُ وَتَهُبَّ الرَّيَاحُ وَيَنْزِلَ النَّصْرُ. رَوَاهُ أَبُوْ دَاوُدَ.

English

From the same (may Allah be pleased with him), he narrated: I witnessed with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) that if he did not fight at the beginning of the day, he would wait until the sun passed its zenith, the winds blew, and victory descended. [Narrated by Abu Dawud]

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Abu Dawud
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
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4174

Hadith 4174

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ قَتَادَةَ عَنْ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ قَالَ: غَزَوْتُ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ، فَكَانَ١ إِذَاطَلَعَ الْفَجْرُ أَمْسَكَ حَتَّى تَطْلُعَ الشَّمْسُ، فَإِذَا طَلَعَتْ قَاتَلَ، فَإِذَا انْتَصَفَ النَّهَارُ أَمْسَكَحَتّى تَزُولَ الشَّمْسُ، فَإِذَا زَالَتِ الشَّمْسُ قَاتَّلَ حَتَّى الْعَصْرِ، ثُمَّ أَمْسَكَ حَتّى يُصَلِّ الْعَصْرَ،ثُمَّ يُقَاتِلُ، قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: كَانَ يُقَالُ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ: تَهِيجُ رِيَاحُ النَّصْرِ، وَيَدْعُو الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لجِيُوشِهِمْفِي صَلَاتِهِمْ. رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ.

English

Qatadah narrated from Nu‘man ibn Muqarrin: I went on an expedition with the Prophet (ﷺ). When dawn broke, he would pause 1 until the sun rose. When it rose, he would fight. When midday arrived, he would pause until the sun passed its zenith. When it passed, he would fight until Asr. Then he would pause until he prayed Asr, then fight again. Qatadah said: It was said at that time that the winds of victory would stir, and the believers would pray for their armies in their prayers. [Narrated by Tirmidhi]

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

1 The statement: "When dawn broke, he would pause, etc.": This likely applies when he initiated the fighting, while the prayer of fear applies when the disbelievers had the upper hand. As stated in (Al-Mirqat).

الحواشي

١قوله: فكان إذا طلع الفجر أمسك إلخ: لعل هذا فيما إذا كان هو البادئ للقتال، فصلاة الخوف

محمولة على غلبةالكفار. كذا في (المرقاة)

Cross-references
Tirmidhi
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
The Six Books
Other collections
4175

Hadith 4175

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ أَنَسٍ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَ إِذَا غَزَا بِنَا قَوْمًا لَمْ يَكُنْ يَغْزُو بِنَاحَتّى يُصْبِحَ وَيَنْظُرَ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَإِنْ سَمِعَ١ أَذَانًا كَفَّ عَنْهُمْ، وَإِنْ٢ لَمْ يَسْمَعْ أَذَابًا أَغَارَعَلَيْهِمْ. قَالَ: فَخَرَجْنَا إِلَى خَيْبَرَ فَانْتَهَيْنَا إِلَيْهِمْ لَيْلًا، فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ وَلَمْ يَسْمَعْ أَذَانًا رَكِبَ،وَرَكِبْتُ خَلْفَ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ، وَإِنَّ قَدَمِي لَتَمَسُّ قَدَمَ النَّبِيِّ ، قَالَ: فَخَرَجُوا إِلَيْنَا بِمَكَاتِلِهِمْ وَمَسَاحِيهِمْ، فَلَمَّا رَأَوْا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالُوا : مُحَمَّدُ، وَاللهِ مُحَمَّدٌ وَالْخَمِيسُ، فَلَجَتُوْا إِلَى الْحِصْنِ، فَلَمَّا رَآهُمْ رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ قَالَ: (اللّهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللهُ أَكْبَرُ، خَرِبَتْ خَيْبَرُ، إِنَّا إِذَانَزَلْنَا بِسَاحَةٍ قَوْمٍ فَسَاءَ صَبَاحُ الْمُنْذَرِينَ). مُتَّفَقَّ عَلَيْهِ.

English

Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: When the Prophet (ﷺ) went on an expedition against a people, he would not attack until morning, observing them. If he heard 1 the call to prayer, he would refrain from attacking them. If 2 he did not hear the call to prayer, he would raid them. He said: We went to Khaybar and reached them at night. When morning came and he did not hear the call to prayer, he rode, and I rode behind Abu Talhah, my foot touching the Prophet’s foot. They came out to us with their picks and spades. When they saw the Prophet (ﷺ), they said: "Muhammad, by Allah, Muhammad and the army!" They fled to the fortress. When the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) saw them, he said: "Allah is Greater, Allah is Greater! Khaybar is ruined. When we descend upon a people’s courtyard, evil is the morning of those warned." [Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim]

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

1 The statement: "If he heard the call to prayer, he would refrain, etc.": Al-Khattabi said: This indicates that the call to prayer is a symbol of Islam that must not be abandoned. If the people of a town agree to abandon it, the ruler may fight them over it. This was also reported from Imam Muhammad, one of our scholars. As stated in (Al-Mirqat). For those who had received the call to Islam, he would wait to hear the call to prayer to know if they had accepted it, as Allah promised to make His religion prevail over all others, and he hoped for their Islam. Today, leaders are not required to wait for the call to prayer from those who have received the call, as their harm to Muslims is known, and the opportunity against them should be seized.

2 The statement: "If he did not hear the call to prayer, he raided them": This indicates the permissibility of fighting those who have received the call to Islam without further invitation. It is reconciled with the earlier chapter on inviting before fighting by saying the invitation is recommended, not required. As stated in (Al-Fath), cited in (Nayl al-Awtar) and (Al-Hidayah).

الحواشي

١ قوله: فإن سمع أذانًا كفّ عنهم إلخ: قال الخطابي: فيه وبيان أن الأذان شعار لدين الإسلام لا يجوز تركه، فلو أنأهل بلد أجمعوا على تركه كان للسلطان قتالهم عليه اهـ. وكذا نقل عن الإمام محمد من أئمتنا. كذا في (المرقاة). وقاللمن قد بلغته الدعوة، وكان يمسك عن هؤلاء حتى يسمع الأذان ليعلم أكان الناس مجيبين للدعوة أم لا؛ لأن اللهوعده إظهار دينه على الدين كله، وكان يطمع في إسلامهم، ولا يلزم اليوم الأئمة أن يكفوا عمن بلغته الدعوة؛ لكييسمعوا أذانا؛ لأنه قد علم غائلتهم للمسلمين فينبغي أن تنتهز الفرصة فيهم.

٢ قوله: وإن لم يسمع أذانا أغار عليهم: فيه دليل على جواز قتال من بلغته الدعوة بغير دعوة، ويجمع بينه وبين ما تقدم في بابالدعوة قبل القتال بأن يقال: الدعوة مستحبة لاشتراطه. كذا في (الفتح). قاله في (نيل الأوطار) وكذا في (الهداية).

Cross-references
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
The Six Books
4176

Hadith 4176

Volume 3 · Jihad · Writing to the Disbelievers and Inviting Them to Islam
العربية

وَعَنْ عِصَامٍ الْمُزَنِي رضي الله عنه قَالَ: بَعَثَنَا رَسُولُ اللهِ ﷺ فِي سَرِيَّةٍ، فَقَالَ: (إِذَا١ رَأَيْتُمْ مَسْجِدًا أَوْ سَمِعْتُمْ مُؤَذِّنًا فَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَحَدًا). رَوَاهُ التَّرْمِذِيُّ وَأَبُوْ دَاوُدَ.

English

‘Isam al-Muzani (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sent us on a detachment and said: "1 If you see a mosque or hear a muezzin, do not kill anyone." [Narrated by Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud]

Notes / الحواشي
English notes

1 The statement: "If you see a mosque or hear a muezzin, do not kill anyone": This indicates that the mere presence of a mosque in a town is sufficient to infer the Islam of its people, even if the call to prayer is not heard, as the Prophet (ﷺ) instructed his detachments to suffice with either the presence of a mosque or the call to prayer. As stated in (Nayl al-Awtar).

الحواشي

١ قوله: إذا رأيتم مسجدا أو سمعتم مؤذنا فلا تقتلوا أحدا: فيه دليل على أن مجرد وجود المسجد في البلد كافٍ فيالاستدلال منه على إسلام أهله، وإن لم يسمع منهم الأذان؛ لأن النبي ﷺ كان يأمر سرايا بالاكتفاء بأحد الأمرين،إما وجود مسجد أو سماع الأذان. كذا في (نيل الأوطار).

Cross-references
Abu DawudTirmidhi
The Author’s Urdu Commentary
The Six Books
Other collections